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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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storage form of carbohydrate |
glycogen |
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formation of glucose from non carb sources |
gluconeogenesis |
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GLUT 5 is specific for this substrate |
fructose |
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traps water in its branched points |
amylopectin |
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GLUT 4 is stored in these compartments |
golgi stimulated vesicles |
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oxidation of glucose to form pyruvate |
glycolysis |
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an enzyme active during glycolysis |
aldolase |
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same as alpha-dextrinase |
isomaltase |
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raffinose, starchyose, and verbacose belong to this group of carbs |
oligosaccharides |
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a dietary fiber example |
cellulose |
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consists of amylose and amylopectin |
starch |
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synthesis of glycogen |
glycogenesis |
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breakdown of glycogen |
glycogenolysis |
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a disaccharide found in fungi and plants |
trehalose |
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insulin dependant GLUT isoform |
GLUT 4 |
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ketopentose is a carb containing |
5 carbons and a ketone group |
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name the model that depicts cyclized monosaccharides with hydroxyl groups pointing down or up |
haworth |
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what homopolysaccharide made of glucose contributes the most energy to an ordinary diet? |
amylopectin |
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sucrose digestion is initiated in the |
Small intestine |
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the enzyme needed to hydrolyze alpha 1-6 of amlylopectin is ____, which is secreted from the ___ |
isomaltase, enterocyte |
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disaccharides are synthesised by the ... |
enterocyte |
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main method of glucose absorption |
active transport with sodium |
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what is a likely reason that large quantities of fructose may cause gut discomfort? |
facilitated diffusion is slower than active transport |
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which hormonal changes occur in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration? |
decreased insulin and increased glucagon |
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what are the major end products of cellular oxidation of carbs? |
water, CO2, and ATP |
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In the complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose, how many ATPs are formed |
32-38 |
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In what organelle are the enzymes that catalyze the citric acid cycle located? |
Mitochondrian |
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The purpose of the hexose monophosphate shunt is to produce |
pentose phosphates and NADPH |
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What are the dissaccarides? |
maltose, lactose, sucrose, trehalose |
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What are considered simple carbs? |
mono and di saccharides |
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what are considered complex carbs? |
oligo and poly saccharides |
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why are oligosaccharides hard to digest |
there are no enzymes in the human body to do so |
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What is the tri- oligo sacch.? |
raffinose |
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what is the tetra-oligo sacch.? |
starchyose |
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what is the penta-oligo sacch? |
verbacose |
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Glycogen is stored where? |
liver and skeletal muscle |
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oligo sacch. are made up of combinations of |
glucose, galactose, and fructose |
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homopolymers of glucose |
amylose, amylopectin, glycogen |
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The mouth digests poly sacch.'s with what enzyme? |
salivary alpha amylase |
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the small intestine digests poly sacchs with what enzyme? |
pancreatic alpha amylase |
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what is an example of a resistant starch |
crystaline starch |
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disacch. are digested where? |
in microvilli of enterocytes |
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the enzymes located at the brush border to complete full digestion of nutrients |
glycosidases and carbohydrases |
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why is there a need for a glucose transport system? |
glucose is highly polar, so it needs someting to take it in and out of the cell |
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what comprises the glucose transport system? |
protein carriers (GLUT) |
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what are the GLUT isoforms? |
-14 different integral proteins in the surface of cells that each have a specific binding site |
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How is the absorption of glucose and galactose achieved? |
active transport into cell |
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What transports glucose into a cell? |
SGLT 1- sodium glucose transport that uses the sodium potassium pump to allow glucose to actively cross the cell membrane |
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What transports glucose into the blood? |
diffusion with GLUT 2 |
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When does glucose get transferred into the blood especially? |
after a high COH meal |
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What transports fructose into a cell? How?
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GLUT 5 with facilitated transport |
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What transports fructose into the blood? |
GLUT 2 |
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Which GLUT isoform is insulin dependent? |
GLUT 4 |
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WHich GLUT is specfic for only fructose? |
GLUT 5 |
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WHat is the function of insulin in the absorption trans, and distribution of glucose? |
maintains blood glucose levels. binds to membrane receptor which stimulates GLUT 4 to move to the mebrane of the cell. Glucose absorption. |
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How does GLUT 4 attach to the cell membrane and bcome available for trans of glucose into cell? |
The golgi stimiulated vesicle (GSV), containing the GLUT 4, are moved from the inside of the cell by the cytoskeleton and actin, then they fuse membranes with the plasma membrane allowing GLUT 4 to become a part of the membrane and available for the transport of glucose
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What is the glycemic index? |
a designated number that shows the increase of blood glucose during 2 hrs after consumption of a certain amount of CHO compared with an equal amount of a reference food ( 50g glucose, or white bread) |
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What factors regarding a food may influence its GI? |
Cooked or raw, Fiber lowers GI Fat/protein lowers GI |
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The synthesis of glycogen is |
glycogenesis |
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lysis of glycogen is |
glycogenolysis |
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the oxidation of glucose is |
glycolysis |
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Glucose is broken down in to |
pyruvate |
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production of glucose from non carb substances |
gluconeogenesis |
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what is another name for pentose-phosphate pathway |
hexosemonophophate shunt |
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makes 5carbond monosacch. and NADPH |
pentose-phosphate pathway/ hexosemonophosphate shunt |
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What does the TCA cycle do? |
oxidizes pyruvate and acetyl CoA to Co2 and H2O |
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what types of enzymes are active during gylcolysis? |
hexokinase/glucokinase Glucose phosphate isomerase phophofructokinase aldolase |
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what form of glucose enters the hexosemonophosphate shunt? |
Glucose-6-phosphate |
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what form of glucose enters glycogenesis? |
Glucose-1-phophate |
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what is the total number of ATPs produced by the metabolic pahtways from glycolysis through the TCA cycle? |
36 |
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sequential redox rxns example |
e- transport chain |
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oxidation of metabolase by O2 |
oxidative phosphorilation |
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what does the shunt make? |
pentose phosphates reduced co-substrates |
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complete oxidation of 1 mol of glucose makes |
36 ATPs, 6 Co2's, 42 H2O's |
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what is the limiting substrate in TCA cycle? |
oxaloacetate |
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what does citrate come from? |
oxaloacetate |
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what happens to citrate in the TCA cycle |
it is isomerized to isocitrate |
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what happens to isocitrate in the TCA cycle ? |
it catalyzeses dehydration |
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Gluco6P can become |
Glu 1 P |
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What are the 2 things that can happen to Glu1P? |
can undergo glycogenesis can become galactose 1P and then galactose |
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What are the 2 things that can happen to Glu6P? |
can turn into Glu1P Can go into the hexosemonophosphate shunt |
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what are the 2 things that can happen to glucose? |
can undergo glycolysis Can be phosphorilated to Glu6P |
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from which starches is HFCS derived? |
corn, rice, tapioca, wheat, potato, cassava |
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What properties of HFCS make it useful to the food industry? |
moisture retention, cheap production, enhanced flavor, browning, reduced FP, undergoes fermentation |
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What adverse health outcomes are associated with HFCS? |
dyslipidemia- changes lipid profile of liver and skeletal muscle weight gain impaired glucose homeostasis and insulin activity |
