Bontrager Chapter 17 & 18

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a brand name for a diuretic used in treatment of renal disease

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lasix

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is an age associated enlargement of the prostate generally beginning in the 5th decade of life

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benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

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are stones that form in the urinary bladder

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bladder calculi

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is a tumor that is 3x more common in males than females

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bladder carcinoma

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are structural or chemical imperfections or alterations present at birth

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congenital anomalies

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4 congential anomalies

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duplication of ureter & renal pelvis, ectopic kidney, horseshoe kidney, & malrotation

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involves 2 ureters & the renal pelvis originating from the same kidney, most common, does not create health concern

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duplication of ureter and renal pelvis

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describes a normal kidney that fails to ascend into the abdomen but rather remains in the pelvis

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ectopic kidney

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is a fusion of the kidneys during the development of the fetus, 95% lower poles of kidneys are fused, does not affect function

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horseshoe kidney

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is an abnormal rotation of the kidney evident w/ the renal pelvis turned from a medial into an anterior or posterior direction

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malrotation

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a disoorder marked by cysts scattered throughout one or both kidneys, most common cause of enlarged kidneys

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polycystic kidney disease

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has an appearance as a "bunch of grapes" scattered throughout the kidney

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polycystic kidney disease

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3 major types of polycystic kidney disease are

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infantile, childhood, & adult

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is a distention to the renal pelvis and calyces of the kidneys as a result of some obstruction of the ureters or renal pelvis

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hydronephrosis

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elevated or indented floor of the bladder

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benign prostatic hyperplasia

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calcifications within bladder

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bladder calculi

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mucosal change within bladder

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bladder carcinoma

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enlarged renal pelvis and calyces and ureter proximal to obstruction; nephrogram becoming abnormally dense

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hydronephrosis

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enlared kidneys, elongated renal pelvis, radiolucents (cysts) throughout cortex

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polycystic kidney disease

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the urinary system consists of

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2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 urinary bladder, & 1 urethra

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are the organs lying in the retroperitoneal space

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2 kidneys & ureters

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the right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the presence of the

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liver

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near the upper medial part of each kidney is a

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suprarenal gland (adrenal)

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urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder via 2 narrow tubes called

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ureters

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the saclike urinary bladder serves as a reservoir to store urine until it can be eliminated from the body via

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urethra

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renal is a common adjective referring to

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kidney

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most of each ureter lies ______ to its respective kidney

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anterior

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kidneys & ureters are ______ structures

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retroperitoneal structures

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bladder & urethra are ______ structures

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infraperitoneal structures

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the kidneys measure ___-___ inches long, ___-___ inches wide, & ___ inch thick

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4-5" long, 2-3" wide, & 1" thick

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the psoas muscles cause the longitudinal plane of the kidneys to form a vertical angle of

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20 degrees with the midsagittal plane

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the kidney rotation or ___ degrees is due to the midline location of the vertebral column & large psoas muscles

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30 degrees

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a 30 degree LPO positions the ____ kidney parallel to the IR

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right

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a 30 degree RPO positions the ____ kidney parallel to the IR

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left

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each kidney is surrounded by a mass of fatty tissue termed the

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adipose capsule, or perirenal fat

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when do the kidneys lie in the body

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1/2 way b/w the xiphoid process and the iliac crest

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the to of the left kidney is usually at the level of the

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T11-T12 interspace

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the bottom of the right kidney is most oftem level with the upper part of

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L3

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a condition when one inhales deeply or stands upright, the kidneys drop more than 2 inches

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nephroptosis

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the primary function of the urinary system is the

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production of urine and its elimination from the body

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what function does the kidneys perform

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remove nitrogenous wastes, regulate water levels, and regulate acid-base balance & electrolyte levels in blood

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buildup of urea & creatinine in the blood results in the condition called

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uremia

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alone the medial border of each kidney is a centrally located, longitudinal fissure termed the

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hilum

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the hilum serves to transmit the

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renal artery and renal vein, lymphatics, nerves, and ureter

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the average water intake for humans during 24 hr period is

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about 2.5 liters

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more than ___ liter of blood flows through the kidneys every min of the day

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1 liter

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more than ___ % of this filtrate volume is reabsorbed by the kidneys and returned to the bloodstream

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99%

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from the large amount of blood flowing through the kidneys daily about ___ liter or ____ ml of urine is formed

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1.5 liters or 1500 ml

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is a general term used to describe the total functional portions of the kidneys

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renal parenchyma

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the structural and functional unit of the kidney is the microscopic

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nephron

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small arteries in the kidney cortex form tiny capillary tufts called

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glomeruli

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supply blood to the glomeruli

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afferent arterioles

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takes blood away to a secondary capillary

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efferent arterioles

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each glomerulus is surrounded by a

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glomerular capsule (Bowman's capsule)

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convey urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

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ureters

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the point where the renal pelvis funnels down into the small ureter

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ureteropelvic junction

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is where the iliac blood vessels cross over the ureters

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brim of the pelvis

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is where the ureter joins the bladder

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ureterovesical junction

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is a musculomembranous sac that serves as a reservoir for urine

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urinary bladder

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the triangular portion of the bladder along the inner posterior surface is termed the

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trigone

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the gland surrounding the proximal urethra is the

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prostate gland

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the total capacity of the bladder varies from ___ -___ml

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350-500 ml

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the female reproductive organs include the

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paired ovaries, uterine tubes, and vagina

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the male reproductive organs include the

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testes, seminall vesicles, ejaculatory ducts & vas deferens, penis, and scrotum

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how long must glucophage be withheld before the study

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48 hrs before and after

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nonallergic reaction often does not require drug intervention or medical assistance. anxiety or fear based reaction

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vasomotor effect

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symptoms of vasomotor reactions

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anxiety, lightheadedness, nausea, syncope, mild hives

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type of true allergic reaction resulting from the introduction of iodinated contrast media

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anaphylactic reaction

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symptoms of anaphylactic reactions

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urticaria (hives), laryngospasm, bronchospasm, angioedema, hypotension, and tachycardia

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type of reaction is a life-threatening condition, may cause the heart rate to drop & the blood pressure to fall dangerously

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vasovagal reaction

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symptoms of vasovagal reactions

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hypotension, bradycardia, no detectable pulse

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type of anaphylactic reaction in which the kidneys shut down, may not be obvious for 48 hrs

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acute renal failure

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symptom of acute renal failure are

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diminnished urine output, anura (no urine output)

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commonly used veins during venipuncture are

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antecubital fossa: median cubital, cephalic, and basilic veins

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for bolus injections what needle is most commonly used

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18-20 gauge butterfly needle

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place the tourniquet ___-___ inches above site

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3-4 inches

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with bevel up approach the vein at an angle b/w ___-___ degrees

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20-45 degrees

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iodinated contrast media contains a positively charged element called

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cation

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cation is combined with a negatively charged component called

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anion

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2 examples of water-soluble nonionic contrast media are

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isovue-200 and omnipaque-180

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elevated creatinine or BUN levles may indicate

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acute or chronic renal failure, tumor, or other urinary conditions

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normal creatinine levels for adults are

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0.6-1.5 mg/dl

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BUN levels for adults are

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8-25 mg/100 ml

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all women over the age of ___ should have annual screening mammograms

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40 yrs

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true/false: high risk patients with a family history should have screening mammograms at an eariler age

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true

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mammograms can detect a lesion as small as

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2.0 mm

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focal spot size on a mammography machine is

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0.3 and 0.1 mm

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radiation dose & kV involved with mammography

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mrad 867-983 & kV 25-28

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is used to detect early signs of cancerous growth within the breast

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PET

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what does PET stand for

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positron emission tomography

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2 disadvantage of using PET for breast imaging

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higher cost and radiation exposure

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a technology that has the potential to impact dramatically the diagnosis of breast cancer

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computer-aided detection

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use a computerized detectioon algorithm to analyze digital images for various suspicious lesions & provide an estimate of possible malignancy

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CAD systems

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the usual breast extends from the anterior portion of the ____ rib down to the ___ or ____ rib

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2nd - 6th or 7th

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a small projection containing a collection of duct openings fromthe secretory glands w/i the breast tissue

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nipple

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the pigmented area surrounding the nipple is called

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areola

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the width of the breast is called

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mediolateral diameter

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the vertical measurement of the breast is called

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craniocaudad diameter

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2 methods commonly used to subdivide the breast

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quadrant system and clock system

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the glandular tissue of the breast is divided into

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15-20 lobes

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serves as a reservoir for milk just before terminating in a tiny opening on the surface of the nipple

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ampulla

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band-like extensions of this fibrous tissue are known as

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cooper's suspensory ligaments

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small structures seen on the finished radiograph, such as small blood vessels, fibrous connective tissues, duct, etc

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trabeculae

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breast tissue can be divided into 3 main types of tissues

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glandular, fibrous or connective, and adipose