Bone Tissue A&p 1

Front 1

Osteology

Back 1

Study of bone

Front 2

Skeletal system

Back 2

Bone, cartilage, ligament

Front 3

Ligaments

Back 3

Attach bone to bone

Front 4

Tendons

Back 4

Attach muscle to bone

Front 5

Skeleton functions

Back 5

Support, protection, movement, electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, blood formation

Front 6

Bone/osseous tissue

Back 6

Connective tissue with the matrix hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals

Front 7

Mineralization/calcification

Back 7

The hardening process of bone

Front 8

Flat bone

Back 8

Protect soft organs, curved but wide and thin

Front 9

Long bone

Back 9

Longer than it is wide, rigid levers for muscles

Front 10

Short bone

Back 10

Equally long and wide, glide across each other in multiple directions

Front 11

Irregular bone

Back 11

Elaborate shapes that don’t fit into other categories

Front 12

Compact/dense bone

Back 12

Outer shell of long bone

Front 13

Diaphysis/shaft

Back 13

Cylinder of compact bone providing leverage

Front 14

Medullary/marrow cavity

Back 14

Space within diaphysis of long bone, containing bone marrow

Front 15

Epiphyses

Back 15

Enlarged ends of long bone

Front 16

Spongy/cancellous bone

Back 16

Covered by more durable compact bone

Front 17

Location of spongy bone

Back 17

Ends of long bones, middle of most others

Front 18

Fraction bone type by weight

Back 18

¾ compact, ¼ spongy

Front 19

Articular cartilage

Back 19

Hyaline cartilage layer covering joint surface between bones

Front 20

Nutrient foramina

Back 20

Minute holes in bone surface allowing blood vessels to penetrate

Front 21

Periosteum

Back 21

External sheath covering bone, except where articular cartilage

Front 22

Periosteum’s outer fibrous layer of collagen

Back 22

Sharpey fibers, strong attachment from muscle-->tendon-->bone

Front 23

Periosteum’s inner osteogenic layer

Back 23

Bone forming cells, important to growth and repair

Front 24

Endosteum

Back 24

Layer of reticular connective tissue lining marrow cavity. Deposits or dissolves osteous tissue.

Front 25

Epiphyseal plate

Back 25

Growth plate. Hyaline cartilage between marrow spaces of epiphysis and diaphysis

Front 26

Purpose of epiphyseal plate

Back 26

Growth in bone length

Front 27

Epiphyseal line

Back 27

In adults. Bony scar marks former site of growth plate.

Front 28

Diploe

Back 28

Spongy layer in cranium

Front 29

Principal types of bone cells

Back 29

Osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts

Front 30

Osteogenic cells

Back 30

Stem cells in endosteum, periosteum, and central canals. Multiply continuously to produce osteoblasts

Front 31

Origin of osteogenic cells

Back 31

Mesenchyme

Front 32

Osteoblasts

Back 32

Form bone. Nonmitotic. Synthesize soft organic matter of matrix, which is hardened by mineral deposition

Front 33

Osteocalcin

Back 33

Secreted by osteogenic cells. Structural protein of bone.

Front 34

Osteocytes

Back 34

Former osteoblasts trapped in matrix they deposited

Front 35

Lacunae

Back 35

Tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

Front 36

Canaliculi

Back 36

Channels connecting lacunae

Front 37

Cytoplasmic processes

Back 37

Reach into canaliculi

Front 38

Osteoclasts

Back 38

Bone-dissolving cells on bone surface

Front 39

Origin of osteoclasts

Back 39

Same bone marrow stem cells as blood cells

Front 40

Ruffled border

Back 40

Side facing bone surface. Deep infolding of plasma membrane for surface area/resorption efficiency

Front 41

Resorption bays/Howship lacunae

Back 41

Pits on bone surface where osteoclasts reside

Front 42

Remodeling

Back 42

From combined action of osteoclasts and osteoblasts

Front 43

Organic matter in matrix

Back 43

Synthesized by osteoblasts. GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins

Front 44

Inorganic matter in matrix

Back 44

85% hydroxyapatite, 10% calcium carbonate, other minerals

Front 45

Composite

Back 45

Combination of a ceramic and a polymer

Front 46

Rickets

Back 46

Soft bones due to deficiency of calcium salts

Front 47

Osteogenesis imperfecta (brittle bones)

Back 47

Excessively brittle bones due to lack of protein, collagen

Front 48

Parts of spongy bone

Back 48

Spicules, trabeculae, red bone marrow

Front 49

Location of trabeculae

Back 49

Along lines of stress

Front 50

Bone marrow

Back 50

Soft tissue in marrow cavity of long bone and among trabeculae in spongy bone

Front 51

Red marrow (myeloid tissue)

Back 51

Hemopoietic tissue--produces blood cells.

Front 52

Location of red marrow

Back 52

Nearly every bone in children. In adults, skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, pelvic girdle, proximal heads of humerus and femur

Front 53

Yellow marrow

Back 53

In adults. Does not produce blood. Fatty.

Front 54

Ossification/osteogenesis

Back 54

Formation of bone

Front 55

Methods of bone development in infant

Back 55

Intramembranous ossification, endochondral ossification

Front 56

Metaphysis

Back 56

Zone of transition facing the marrow cavity

Front 57

Interstitial growth

Back 57

Bones increase in length via cartilage growth within epiphyseal plate

Front 58

Appositional growth

Back 58

Bones increase in width throughout life. New bone deposited at surface.

Front 59

Bone remodeling

Back 59

Throughout life. 10% per year.

Front 60

Wolff’s law of bone

Back 60

Architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it

Front 61

Achondroplastic dwarfism

Back 61

Long bones stop growing in childhood; failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis. Normal torso, short limbs.

Front 62

Pituitary dwarfism

Back 62

Lack of growth hormone. Normal proportions, short stature.

Front 63

Is mature bone metabolically active?

Back 63

Yes

Front 64

Mineral deposition/mineralization

Back 64

Calcium phosphate and other ions taken from blood and deposited in bone tissue

Front 65

Process of mineral deposition

Back 65

Osteoblasts produce collagen fibers that spiral the length of the osteon, fibers become encrusted with minerals that harden matrix

Front 66

Inhibitors

Back 66

Prevent most tissue from being calcified, neutralized by osteoblasts

Front 67

Abnormal calcification/ectopic ossification

Back 67

Calcification of tissue other than bone (arteriosclerosis, etc)

Front 68

Calculus

Back 68

Calcified mass in otherwise soft organ such as lung

Front 69

Mineral resorption

Back 69

Dissolving bone, releasing minerals into blood. Done by osteoclasts at ruffled border.

Front 70

Hydrogen pumps

Back 70

Secrete hydrogen into space between osteoclast and bone surface, dissolving bone

Front 71

How braces work

Back 71

Osteoclasts dissolve bone ahead of tooth, osteoblasts form new bone behind

Front 72

Calcium homeostasis levels

Back 72

1,100g in adults

Front 73

Normal calcium concentration in blood plasma

Back 73

9.2 to 10.4 mg/dL

Front 74

Causes of hypocalcemia

Back 74

Vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, underactive parathyroid, pregnancy, lactation

Front 75

Hormones regulating calcium homeostasis

Back 75

Calcitrol, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone

Front 76

Calcitrol

Back 76

Form of vitamin D, raises blood calcium concentration

Front 77

How calcitrol is formed

Back 77

Epidermal keratinocytes convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, liver adds hydroxyl group converting to calcidiol, kidneys add hydroxyl group converting to calcitrol

Front 78

Diseases from inadequate vitamin D

Back 78

Rickets, osteomalacia

Front 79

Location of calcitonin secretion

Back 79

C cells in thyroid

Front 80

Use of calcitonin

Back 80

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating osteoblasts

Front 81

Calcitonin in adults vs children

Back 81

Weak in adults, important in children

Front 82

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Back 82

Secreted by parathyroid, raises blood calcium levels

Front 83

Mechanisms for PTH

Back 83

Bind receptors on osteoblasts, stimulating them to secrete RANKL. Promote calcium reabsorption. Promote final step of calcitrol synthesis in kidneys. Inhibit collagen synthesis.

Front 84

Normal plasma concentration of phosphate

Back 84

3.5 to 4 mg/dL

Front 85

Two forms of phosphate

Back 85

HPO4(-2) and H2PO4(-)

Front 86

Percent phosphate in bones

Back 86

85-90%

Front 87

Problems with anabolic steroids

Back 87

Close epiphyseal plate, abnormally short stature

Front 88

Orthopedics

Back 88

Prevention and treatment of injury and disorder of bone, joint, muscle

Front 89

Stress fracture

Back 89

Caused by abnormal trauma to bone (falls, athletics, combat)

Front 90

Pathological fracture

Back 90

Break in bone weakened by disease (bone cancer, osteoporosis, etc)

Front 91

Ways to classify fractures

Back 91

Direction of fracture line, break in skin, number of pieces

Front 92

Closed reduction

Back 92

Bone fragments put in position without surgery

Front 93

Open reduction

Back 93

Surgical exposure of bone and use of plates, screws, or pins to realign

Front 94

Cast

Back 94

Stabilize and immobilize healing bone

Front 95

Traction

Back 95

Treat femur fractures in children. Override thigh muscles but risk long-term confinement to bed

Front 96

Electrical stimulation

Back 96

Suppresses effects of parathyroid hormone

Front 97

Osteoporosis

Back 97

Severe loss of bone density. Most common

Front 98

Kyphosis (widow’s hump)

Back 98

Deformity of spine due to vertebral bone loss

Front 99

Treatments for osteoporosis

Back 99

Estrogen replacement therapy, drugs, PTH, prevention

Front 100

Greatest risk group for osteoporosis

Back 100

Postmenopausal white women