Bmed 3600 - Test 1 - Introduction To Cell Biology Part 1 And 2

Front 1

In studying the building blocks of organisms, cells, we find two themes. What are they?

Back 1

1) astonishing variety in the details, and
2) astonishing consistency in the fundamentals.

Front 2

_______ is central to the definition of life. It distinguishes life from other
chemical/physical processes such as combustion or crystal growth.

Back 2

Heredity

Front 3

Additional cells or the cells in your body are made via _______ from
a single cell.

Back 3

Cell divisions

Front 4

______ is the vehicle for hereditary information that defines a species.

Back 4

Single cells

Front 5

How is hereditary information stored?

Back 5

In the form of double stranded DNA
molecules, long polymers formed from four nucleotides.

Front 6

Each nucleotide consists of two parts. What are they?

Back 6

A sugar and a base attached
to it.

Front 7

How is DNA synthesized?

Back 7

DNA is synthesized from preexisting DNA via complementary base
pairing or templating, A to T and G to C, and the creation of
phosphodiester bonds or polymerization.

Front 8

What is translation?

Back 8

the process by which RNA is used as a template for protein synthesis.

Front 9

What is a gene?

Back 9

segment of DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein (or set of proteins) or to a non-coding RNA.

Front 10

Describe two ways in which the expression of a gene is regulated.

Back 10

1) Stretches of regulatory DNA are interspersed among the coding regions and bind to proteins which control transcription.
2) Post-transcriptional regulation by RNA binding proteins and miRNAs

Front 11

What is the function of a Nuclear envelope?

Back 11

Separates the nucleoplasm from the cytoplasm.

Front 12

What is the function of chromosomes?

Back 12

Carry the cells genes within the nucleus, which also contains the machinery for gene expression.

Front 13

What happens at the golgi apparatus?

Back 13

Where sugars are added to membrane proteins, lysosomal proteins, and secretory proteins.

Front 14

What is the lysosome?

Back 14

Membrane-bounded organelle in eucaryotic cells containing digestive enzymes, which are typically most active at the acid pH found in the lumen of lysosomes.

Front 15

what is the peroxisome?

Back 15

Small membrane-bounded organelle that uses molecular oxygen to oxidize organic molecules. Contains some enzymes that produce and others that degrade hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

Front 16

What is the mitochondria?

Back 16

Membrane bound organelle, about the size of a bacterium, that carries out oxidative phophorylation and produces most of the ATP in eucaryotic cells.

Front 17

What are cilia?

Back 17

Hairlike extension of a eucaryotic cell containing a core bundle of microtubules. Many cells contain a single non-motile cilium, while others contain large numbers that perform repeated beating movements.

Front 18

What is the epithelium?

Back 18

A tissue composed of cells that line in the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body; primary body tissue, they are typically polyhedral in appearance. Examples: Skin, GI Tract, Lung, Glands.

Front 19

What is the endothelium?

Back 19

Tissue composed of cells of the inner lining of blood vessels, the heart, and lymphatic vessels; is a specialized form of epithelium.

Front 20

What are Fibroblasts?

Back 20

Type of cell that synthesize and maintains the extracellular matrix of many animal tissues. Fibroblasts provide a structural framework for many tissues, and play a critical role in wound healing. They are the most common cells of connective tissue in animals.

Front 21

What is the Central Dogma?

Back 21

Genetic Information is stored as DNA in a sequence of A, T, C, G base pairs. To be used, it must be Transcribed into RNA using complimentary base pairs. RNA is then Translated into protein based on the genetic code of every three base-pair sequence being assigned one amino acid.

Front 22

What is the plasma membrane?

Back 22

A lipid bilayer, 7nm thick, with integral and peripheral proteins; the membrane surrounds cells and contains channels, carriers and pumps for ions and nutrients, receptors for growth factors, hormones and (in nerves and muscles) neurotransmitters, plus the molecular machinery to transduce these stimuli into intracellular signals.

Front 23

What is the Adherens junction?

Back 23

A punctate or beltlike link between cells with actin filaments attached on the cytoplasmic surface.

Front 24

What is the Desmosome?

Back 24

A punctate link between cells associated with intermediate filaments on the cytoplasmic surface.

Front 25

What is the Gap Junction?

Back 25

A localized region where the plasma membrane of the two adjacent cells join to form minute intercellular channels for small molecules to move from the cytoplasm of one cell to the other.

Front 26

What is the Tight Junction?

Back 26

An annular junction sealing the gap between epithelial cells.

Front 27

What are actin filament?

Back 27

"Microfilaments," 8 nm in diameter; form a viscoelastic network in the cytoplasm and act as tracks for movements powered by myosin motor proteins.

Front 28

What are Intermediate filament?

Back 28

Filaments, 10 nm in diameter, composed of keratin-like proteins that act as inextensible "tendons" in the cytoplasm.

Front 29

What are Microtubules?

Back 29

A cylindrical polymer of tubulin, 25 nm in diameter, that forms the main structural component of cilia , flagella, mitotic spindles; microtubules provide tracks for organelle movements powered by the motors dynein and kinesin.

Front 30

What is the Centriole?

Back 30

A short cylinder of nine microtubule triplets located in the cell center (centrosome) and at the base of cilia and flagella; pericentrosomal material nucleates and anchors microtubules.

Front 31

What are Microvillus (or filopodium)?

Back 31

A thin, cylindrical projection of the plasma membrane supported internally by a bundle of actin filaments.

Front 32

What is the glycogen particle?

Back 32

Storage form of polysaccharide.

Front 33

What is a ribosome?

Back 33

RNA/protein particle that catalyzes protein synthesis.

Front 34

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 34

Flattened, intracellular bags of membrane with associated ribosomes that synthesize secreted and integral membrane proteins.

Front 35

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Back 35

Flattened, intracellular bags of membrane without ribosomes involved in lipid synthesis, drug metabolism, and sequestration of Ca2+.

Front 36

What is the nuclear pore?

Back 36

Large, gated channels across the nuclear envelope that control all traffic of proteins and RNA in and out of the nucleus.

Front 37

What is Euchromatic?

Back 37

Dispersed, active form of interphase chromatin.

Front 38

What is the nucleolis?

Back 38

Intranuclear site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and processing; ribosome assembly.

Front 39

How is the supply and activity of proteins modulated? There are 5 ways.

Back 39

 By regions of chromosomes that determine whether active or not
 By regulatory proteins that turn genes on and off
 By the rate of translation of mRNA
 By the rate of degradation of mRNA and proteins
 By the regulation of the localization or distribution of molecules
within the cell.