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78 Cards in this Set
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- Iron-deficiency anemia -Folate-deficiency anemia -pernicious anemia -Hemorrhagic anemia -Hemolytic anemia -aplastic anemia -Thalassemia -Sideroblastic anemia -posthemorragic anemia |
9 types of Anemia |
IF PH HATSP |
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Iron-deficiency Anemia |
Type of anemia; Iron binds with transferrin in the plasma & is transported to the muscles (myoglobin), liver (storage), or bone marrow (for production) |
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Oral Iron Therapy (ferrous sulfate, ferrous gluconate, ferrous fumerate |
Treatment for Iron-deficiency Anemia (give atleast 3) |
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Folate Deficiency Anemia |
Also known as Megaloblastic anemia -Inadequate folate in the diet results in a reduction in cell division and therefore a reduced number of red blood cells |
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Methylcobalamin |
cause of Folate-deficiency low levels _____ causes low Folate |
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Oral Folate |
treatment for Folate Deficiency Anemia |
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Pernicious Anemia |
secondary folate-deficiency anemia cause by inadequate amounts of vitamin B12, which is important for folate synthesis |
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Cobalamin |
B12 means = |
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-Relative Erythrocytosis -Primary Erythrocytosis -Secondary Erythrocytosis |
3 kinds of Erythrocytosis |
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Relative Erythrocytosis |
Erythrocytosis; overabundance of red blood cells due to decreased blood volume, as may result from dehydration, diuretics, or burns
^Erythrocytes + vPlasma |
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Primary Erythrocytosis |
-aka polycythemia vera -Results in overproduction of red blood cells, granulocytes, and platelets |
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-low erythropoietin levels -enlarged spleen -Increased blood viscosity and blood volume |
signs of primary erythrocytosis (3) |
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1. Destroy RBCs 2. Storage for blood cells |
2 functions of Spleen |
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Secondary erythrocytosis |
-overabundance of red blood cells resulting from decreased oxygen supply
^RBC vOxygen |
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-occurs at high altitudes -in COPD -in CHF |
causes of Secondary erythrocytosis (3) |
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FOLATE |
In megaloblastic anemia, _____ important in DNA Synthesis |
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B1- Thiamine B2- Riboflavin B3-Niacin B5 Pantothenic Acid B6-Pyridoxine B7- Biotin B9- Folic Acid B12- Cobalamin/Cyanocobalamin |
B-vitamins (8) |
TaRa Na PaPa Bear Feeling Close (walang 4, 8 & 10) |
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-Oral vitamin B12 supplement -Parenteral therapy |
Treatment for Pernicious Anemia |
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Hemorrhagic Anemia |
-Excessive loss of RBCs through bleeding resulting from large wounds, stomach ulcers, or especially heavy menstruation |
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H. pylori |
causes Stomach Ulcers |
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-Blood Transfusion -Blood & marrow stem cell transplants -Plasmapheresis |
Treatment for Hemorrhagic Anemia (3) |
BBP |
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Aplastic anemia |
-Destruction of red bone marrow -caused by toxins, gamma radiation, and certain medications that inhibit enzymes needed for hemopoiesis -caused by an inability of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
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Human Recombinant erythropoietin |
-treatment for Aplasia Anemia -may be used to increase hemoglobin, decrease transfusion requirements, and decrease fatigue |
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Microcytic |
small RBC |
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hypochromic |
pale RBC |
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Mediterranean Sea |
Thalassemia occurs primarily in populations from countries bordering the ___________ |
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Thalassemia |
-deficient synthesis of hemoglobin -Hereditary hemolytic anemia -RBCs are small and pale and short lived -Inability to blood clot |
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-B vitamins supplements -Regular blood transfusion -luspatercept (reblozyl) and hydroxyurea |
Treatment for Thalassemia (3) |
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Sideroblastic Anemia |
-Results from abnormal utilization of iron during erythropoiesis |
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Ring Sideroblasts |
are erythroid precursors containing deposits of non-heme iron in mitochondria forming a ring-like distribution around the nucleus |
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-Carbamazepine -Phenobarbital -Phenytoin -Valproic Acid -Digoxin -heparin and more |
give atleast 4 Drugs associated with thrombocytopenia |
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Leukemia |
-Cancer of the red bone marrow in which one or more white blood cell types is produce -A malignant disease of the blood forming tissues characterized by either uncontrollable production and accumulation of immature leukocytes in which cells to fail to reach maturity |
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Acute |
symptoms develop tapidly |
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chronic |
symptoms may take years to develop |
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Myelogenous leukemia |
leukemia that involves cells derived from myeloid stem cells(myeloblasts) |
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Lymphoblastic leukemia |
leukemia that involves cells derived from lymphoid stem cells (lymphoblasts) and/ or lymphocytes |
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Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) |
choices; ALL, AML, CLA, CML is the most common leukemia in children, but adults can also get it |
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Chronic Lymphoblastic Anemia (CLA) |
choices; ALL, AML, CLA, CML Is the most common leukemia in adults, usually those older than 55 |
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Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) |
choices; ALL, AML, CLA, CML -Occurs mostly in adults |
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Clotting Disorder |
-Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) -Von Willebrand disease -Hemophilia |
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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
-It is the inappropriate activation of the clotting cascade that causes formation of microthrombi, resulting in consumption of coagulation factors, organ dysfunction, and bleeding |
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Sepsis |
most common cause of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) |
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Thrombocytopenia |
reduction the platelets that leads to chronic bleeding through small vessels and capillaries |
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Hemoglobin (Hb) |
Accounts for 1/3rd of the cell’s volume -consists of globin, heme group, and Iron |
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Globin, Heme Group, Iron |
Hemoglobin consists of; (3) |
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Globin |
Component of Hb; Protein that is made up of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains, each bound to a heme group |
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bright red |
color of oxygenated blood |
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darker red |
color of deoxygenated blood |
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250 million Hb groups 1 billion molecules of O2 |
One RBC contains______Hb groups thus it can carry_____ of O2 |
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98.5% 1.5% |
Oxygen -Transported bound to hemoglobin _____% -Dissolved in plasma____% |
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70% 7% 23% |
Carbon dioxide -Transported bound to bicarbonate(HCO3-)_____% -Dissolved in plasma____% -Chemically bound to hemoglobin ___% |
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carbonic anhydrase |
reversibly catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid |
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Erythropoiesis |
Production of RBCs |
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(a) Proerythroblast (b) erythroblasts |
In production of RBCs, Hemocytoblast is transformed into_____(a).
And (a)_____ develops into early ____(b) |
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1. Ribosome synthesis in early erythroblasts 2. Hb accumulation in intermediate erythroblasts and late erythroblasts 3.Ejection of the nucleus from late erythroblasts and formation of reticulocytes |
developmental pathway consists of three phases; |
Ribosome Hemoglobin Nucleus |
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Reticulocytes |
-Baby RBC -Released from the red bone marrow into the circulating blood which contains ~1-3% reticulocytes -become mature erythrocytes |
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Circulating erythrocytes |
The number remains constant and reflects a balance between RBC production and destruction |
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Hypoxia |
too few RBCs leads to tissue __________ |
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TRUE |
Is it true that Erythropoiesis is hormonally and controlled and depends on adequate supplies of iron, amino acids, and B Vitamins (folate and B12) |
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100-120 days |
life span of an erythrocyte |
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1. Decreased blood oxygen goes to KIDNEYS 2. KIDNEYS increased erythropoietin and goes to RED BONE MARROW 3. RED BONE MARROW Increased red blood cell production |
Red blood cell product (3) steps |
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White blood cells |
-Only blood components that are complete cells -Are less numerous than RBCs -Make up 1% of the total blood volume |
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1. Protect the body from invading microorganisms 2. Remove dead cells and debris from tissues by phagocytosis |
2 functions of WBC |
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Granulocytes |
contain large cytoplasmic granules - Lobed nuclei - all phagocytic cells |
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Agranulocytes |
Very small granules that cannot be easily seen with light microscope |
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neutrophils eosinophils basophils |
what are the 3 Granulocytes |
phils |
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Neutrophils |
-most common type of WBC -lilac color -our body's bacteria slayers |
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Pus |
accumulation of dead neutrophils, cell debris and fluid at sites of infections |
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Basophils |
-account for 0.5% of WBCs - Have large purplish-black (basophilic) granules that contain; Histamine & Heparin
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histamine |
inflammatory chemical that acts as a vasodilator and attracts other WBCs |
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heparin |
prevents the formation of clots |
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Agranulocytes |
- lack visible cytoplasmic granules -are similar structurally, but are functionally distinct and unrelated cell types |
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Lymphocytes Monocytes |
2 kinds of Agranulocytes |
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Lymphocytes |
-amount for 25% or more of WBCs - Have large, dark-purple, circular nuclei with a thin rim of blue cytoplasm -Are found in mostly enmeshed in lymphoid tissue
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B cells T cells |
2 types of lymphocytes |
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B cells |
Type of Lymphocytes; stimulated by bacteria of toxins, give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies |
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T cells |
Type of Lymphocytes; protect against viruses and other intracellular microorganisms, attack and destroy the cells that are infected |
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Monocytes |
account for 4-8% pf leukocytes -largest WBCs -abundant pale blue cytoplasm -purple staining, U or Kidney shaped nuclei -siya yung kumakain ng bacteria |
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