Biology Term Two

Front 1

What region contains the DNA?

Back 1

Nucleoid. Blue squigglies.

Front 2

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ by which feature?

Back 2

Multiple inner compartments.

Front 3

Which of the following statements correctly describes the endosymbiont theory.

Back 3

Eukaryotes acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by engulfing prokaryotes.

Front 4

The exception of supporting the endosymbiont theory

Back 4

DNA in nucleus

Front 5

A student examines a cell that possesses the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, an outer cell membrane, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. It could be a cell from

Back 5

a plant, but not an animal.

Front 6

Mitochondria are found in

Back 6

plant and animal cells.

Front 7

Which cell feature is found in both plant and animal cells?

Back 7

Rough ER

Front 8

A cell possesses the following features: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, phospholipid bilayer, energy acquisition and processing. It could be a cell from

Back 8

any kind of organism.

Front 9

A cell that keeps its DNA in a nucleus could be a cell from which of the following groups of organisms?

Back 9

fungi and plants

Front 10

Which cell features are found in both animal and plant cells?

Back 10

ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and outer cell membrane

Front 11

Prokaryotic cells lack four of the following features. Which feature is found in prokaryotes?

Back 11

phospholipid bilayers

Front 12

The three domains of life are

Back 12

Eukarya, archaea, and bacteria.

Front 13

Prokaryotes carry out all of the following except

Back 13

ATP formation in chloroplasts.

Front 14

Glycogen is

Back 14

a polysaccharide found in animals

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

a carbohydrate composed of many monomers

Front 16

A carbohydrate that yields many monosaccharides when hydrolyzed is a

Back 16

Polysaccharide

Front 17

A simple sugar is composed of equal parts carbon and water, which gave rise to the general name of any sugar as a

Back 17

Carbohydrate

Front 18

What can not hydrolyzed any further?

Back 18

Monosaccharide

Front 19

What can be split into two monosacchrides?

Back 19

Disaccharide

Front 20

Energy can be extracted from what bonds in a sugar molecule?

Back 20

both C-H bonds and C-C bonds

Front 21

Carbohydrates are formed in the process of photosynthesis from the starting materials of

Back 21

carbon dioxide and water.

Front 22

Carbohydrates are burned in cellular respiration for the purpose of producing

Back 22

energy for the cell.

Front 23

1 glucose + 1 fructose combine to form _______ by ___________.

Back 23

sucrose; dehydration synthesis

Front 24

The molecular formula for glucose is C6H12O6. What would be the molecular formula for a disaccharide linking two glucose molecules via dehydration synthesis?

Back 24

C12H22O11

Front 25

To calculate how many C, H, and O are in a polysaccharide, one can simply multiply the C, H, and O present in each monomer by the number of monomers contained in the polysaccharide, and then ADD one H2O molecule for every monomer.

Back 25

False

Front 26

High-fructose corn syrup consists of

Back 26

55% fructose and 45% glucose.

Front 27

To which sugar are human taste buds most sensitive?

Back 27

fructose

Front 28

The sugar transporters in the human gut are best at transporting which two in equal proportion?

Back 28

fructose and glucose

Front 29

From the fact that high fructose corn syrup (HFCS) tastes sweeter than regular table sugar, one can conclude that

Back 29

the percentage of fructose in HFCS must be higher than that in table sugar.

Front 30

Lactose tolerance is highest in human populations

Back 30

with a long history of dairy farming over many generations.

Front 31

Starch functions in

Back 31

energy storage in plants but not in animals.

Front 32

Glycogen functions in

Back 32

energy storage in animals but not in plants.

Front 33

Cellulose functions in

Back 33

providing structural support in plant cell walls.

Front 34

The polysaccharides used for energy storage should be expected to be _______ to break down.

Back 34

Easy

Front 35

The polysaccharides used for structural support should be expected to be _______ to break down.

Back 35

Difficult

Front 36

Because starch and cellulose have different functions, they

Back 36

must have different structures.

Front 37

Compared to fat, glycogen is mobilized _______ and ________ to become exhausted as an energy source in human metabolism

Back 37

more quickly; is faster

Front 38

The energy content per gram for fats, carbohydrates, and proteins is about how many kcal/gram, respectively?

Back 38

9; 4; 4

Front 39

True or false? If ATPs third phosphate group were more tightly attached, ATP would be an even better energy donor.

Back 39

False

Front 40

Which of the following is least stable?

Back 40

ATP

Front 41

ATP is produced

Back 41

by producers and by consumers.

Front 42

Two species that harbor microbes capable of breaking down cellulose for energy are

Back 42

termites and cows.

Front 43

False statement: Starch and cellulose

Back 43

are both structural components of plant cell walls.

Front 44

Because it is branched and can be broken down to ________ by multiple enzymes at the same time, _________ is digested more quickly than _________.

Back 44

monosaccharides; amylopectin; amylose

Front 45

Which of the following dietary carbohydrates activate genes that promote fat storage most strongly?

Back 45

sugars and amylopectin

Front 46

The polysaccharides ________________ occur in plants, while ___________ occur(s) in animals.

Back 46

cellulose and amylose; glycogen

Front 47

The formula for the sugar ribose is C5H10O5. What would be the formula of a trisaccharide made from three ribose monomers?

Back 47

C15H26O13

Front 48

DOMAIN BACTERIA

Back 48

• single-celled
• found everywhere
• some cause disease in
humans, but most are
beneficial

Front 49

DOMAIN ARCHAEA

Back 49

• single-celled
• often live in extreme
conditions, such as
environments that are
very hot, salty, or acidic

Front 50

DOMAIN EUKARYA

Back 50

• single-celled or
• multicellular, larger, more
sophisticated cells

Front 51

“Pro-karyote”

Back 51

“before nucleus” (no nucleus = no
membrane around the DNA)

Front 52

“Eu-karyote”

Back 52

“real nucleus” (with
membrane around the DNA)

Front 53

Kingdom Plantae

Back 53

• multicellular
• use sunlight to
produce sugars via
photosynthesis

Front 54

Kingdom Fungi

Back 54

• single-celled or
multicellular
• decompose and
digest dead
organisms

Front 55

Kingdom Animalia

Back 55

• multicellular
• eat and digest other
organisms

Front 56

Protists

Back 56

• single-celled or
multicellular
• catch-all category
for all remaining
eukaryotes
• includes many
kingdoms

Front 57

All living cells share these key components:

Back 57

• Nucleic acids (DNA) to store
genetic information for protein synthesis
• Proteins to perform diverse tasks (and
ribosomes to make proteins)
• Outer cell membrane to maintain a
suitable internal environment
• Ability to acquire energy from the
environment for ATP formation & the 3 types
of cellular work

Front 58

Eukarya (Eukaryotes)

Back 58

Larger cells,
compartmentation by
multiple inner membranes
for “multi-tasking”

Front 59

Bacteria & Archaea

Back 59

Small cells; lack internal
compartmentation
(i.e., have no membrane around the DNA, no
mitochondria, no chloroplasts, no Golgi apparatus, no
rough or smooth ER),
different species specialize in unique
biochemical pathways

Front 60

Mitochondria

Back 60

the eukaryotic cell’s powerhouses

Burn energy-rich molecules with O2
to gain lots of ATP energy for cellular work

Front 61

All eukaryotes have mitochondria for
making lots of ATP: plants, animals,
fungi, protists

Back 61

.

Front 62

Prokaryotes do not have
mitochondria; many prokaryotes
cannot burn food molecules with O2
and instead use fermentation to
make small amounts of ATP.

Back 62

.

Front 63

Chloroplasts

Back 63

solar energy collectors/converters

Role: Convert solar energy
into energy-rich sugars in
photosynthesis

Prokaryotes do not have chloroplasts;
(photosynthetic bacteria perform
photosynthesis using other structures)

Chloroplasts occur only in
plants & algae

Front 64

Mitochondria and chloroplast both possess
their own

Back 64

DNA, ribosomes, and a double membrane – as if they
were independent organisms engulfed by a bigger cell by
endocytosis.

Front 65

Endosymbiont Theory

Back 65

Engulfed non-photosynthetic
prokaryote becomes
a mitochondrion

Engulfed photosynthetic
prokaryote becomes
a chloroplast

Front 66

Unique plant cell features

Back 66

Chloroplasts (for photosynthesis)
Cell wall and central vacuole
(for structural support)

Front 67

glucose, fructose, galactose

Back 67

sugars with 6 carbons

Front 68

Predict the energy content of sugar: A sugar should have
____________ energy content compared to a fatty acid with
the same number of C atoms.

Back 68

about twice the

Front 69

Follow the carbon
from CO2 to sugars
and back

Back 69

Within the cells of producers and consumers,
sugars are broken down, providing cellular
energy and releasing CO2.

CO2 is converted to sugars and
other molecules by producers
via photosynthesis.

Sugars are absorbed
by consumers that
eat plants.

Front 70

ATP

Back 70

is produced not only in cellular respiration,
but also as an intermediate in sugar production in photosynthesis

Front 71

anabolism

Back 71

production of energy-rich
molecules and/or of the organism’s material substance