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156 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What are two examples that describe the unity of biological processes? |
DNA, Protein |
Two of the four basic units of life (separated with a comma) |
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What is the first statement of Cell Theory? |
All organisms consist of cells. |
Organismic makeup. |
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What are two requirements of Evolution? |
Natural Selection, Variation |
Alphabetical order (separated with commas) |
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How long did cyanobacteria take to oxygenate the Earth to current levels. |
2bya |
In bya, write with units (with space) |
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What was the event where cyanobacteria first oxygenated the atmosphere of Earth called? |
The Great Oxygenation Event |
The Great ______________ |
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Do prokaryotes have a cell wall? |
Yes |
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What is the layer outside the cell wall for prokaryotes called? |
Outer Capsule |
Plays an active role in diseases. |
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What structure allows for trading of DNA between prokaryotes? |
Pili |
Bacteria can swap genes around through using this structure. |
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What organelle is used to synthesize protein? |
Ribosome |
Found mounted to rough ER. |
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How large are prokaryotic ribosomes? |
70S |
With the unit (S). |
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What size range do most prokaryotes fall into? |
1-10 micrometers |
Spell out the units. |
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Do prokaryotes have histones? |
No |
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What shape is prokaryotic DNA? |
Circular |
Remember how DNA is replicated in prokaryotes. |
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Are prokaryotes haploid or diploid? |
Haploid |
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How do prokaryotes divide? (Name the method) |
Binary Fission |
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Do bacteria have internal compartimentalization? |
No |
Do prokaryotes have an endomembrane system? |
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What protein is the prokaryotic flagella made out of? |
Flagellin |
Much less complicated compared to eukaryotic flagella. |
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Do prokaryotes have a rudimentary cytoskeleton? |
Some |
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What protein is used in prokaryotic cell walls? |
Peptidoglycan |
This protein is targeted in many antibiotics. |
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Are prokaryotes unicellular or multicellular? |
Unicellular |
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What type of autotrophism do prokaryotes display? |
Chemosynthetic, Photosynthetic |
Alphabetical order, separated with a comma. |
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Do prokaryotes fix nitrogen? |
Some |
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What shape of DNA do archaea display? |
Circular |
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Do archaea use histones? |
Yes |
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What is the chromosome number of archaea (haploid or diploid)? |
Haploid |
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Do archaea cause disease in humans? |
No |
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Can prokaryotes cause disease in humans? |
Yes |
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Do archaea have a cell wall? |
Yes |
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Does the archaean cell wall display peptidoglycan? |
No |
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What type of autotrophism do archaea display? |
Chemosynthetic |
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Do archaea fix nitrogen? |
Some |
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Are archaea unicellular or multicellular? |
Unicellular |
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How do archaea replicate? |
Binary fission |
Name the method. |
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What is the shape of eukaryotic DNA? |
Linear |
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Do eukaryotes use histones? |
Yes |
Think of the condensation of DNA into chromosomes. |
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Do archaea have an internal compartimentalization system? |
No |
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Do eukaryotes have an internal compartimentalization system? |
Yes |
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What is the eukaryotic compartimentalization system called? |
Endomembrane System |
Includes the nucleus, rough and smooth ER, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes. |
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What is the main protein in plant cell walls? |
Cellulose |
Humans have a very hard time digesting this, and usually passes through us. |
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What is the main protein in fungi cell walls? |
Chitin |
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What is the outermost structure in an animal cell? |
Plasma Membrane |
Animal cells have no cell wall. |
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What are the three components of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotes? |
Actin Filaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules |
Alphabetical order, separated by commas. |
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Sort the three main elements of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton by size, from smallest to largest. |
Actin Filaments, Intermediate Filaments, Microtubules |
Separated by commas. |
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What are the two main reproductive methods for eukaryotic cells (non-sex cell reproduction first)? |
Mitosis, Meiosis |
Separated by commas. |
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Can eukaryotes be unicellular? |
Yes |
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Can eukaryotes be multicellular? |
Yes |
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Can prokaryotes be multicellular? |
No |
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Can eukaryotes fix nitrogen? |
No |
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Does the eukaryotic flagellum use flagellin? |
No |
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What is the arrangement of microtubules in the eukaryotic flagellum called? |
9+2 Configuration |
___+___ Configuration |
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Can eukaryotic cells be seen under low power (100x)? |
Yes |
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Can prokaryotic cells be normally seen under low power (100x)? |
No |
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Does the prokaryotic cell contain a nucleus? |
No |
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How fast does one division take for a prokaryotic cell? |
20 minutes |
In minutes (with the unit) |
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What surrounds the flagellin on a prokaryotic flagella? |
The Sheath |
The ______ |
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When a prokaryotic cell undergoes DNA synthesis, the DNA must first _____ with the ______. |
Anchor, Plasma Membrane |
Separated with a comma. |
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Archaea are morphologically similar to _________. |
Prokaryotes |
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The transcription/translation process for archaea is very similar to __________. |
Eukaryotes |
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Do archaea produce resting spores? |
No |
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Do animal cells contain chloroplasts? |
No |
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Do animal cells have a vacuole? |
No |
Plants have a very large, central vacuole. |
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What is the spot where ribosomal DNA is stored called in eukaryotes? |
Nucleolus |
It occurs inside the nucleus. |
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Do mitochondria have a double membrane? |
Yes |
Linked to endosymbiotic theory. |
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What are the membrane folds inside a mitochondria called? |
Christae |
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What is the space inside the mitochondrion called? |
Matrix |
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What is the space between the double membrane of a mitochondrion called? |
Intermembrane Space |
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What molecule does mitochondria create mainly? |
ATP |
Abbreviated version of molecule. |
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Do chloroplasts have a double membrane? |
Yes |
Linked to endosymbiotic theory. |
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What type of energy do chloroplasts capture? |
Electromagnetic Energy |
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How many chloroplasts do archaea have per cell? |
One |
Very large. |
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What are the folds of the inner membrane in a chloroplast called? |
Thylacoid |
Singular |
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What are stacks of thylacoids called? |
Granum |
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What is the space inside a chloroplast called? |
Stroma |
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Which chlorophyll undertakes photosynthesis (the light/dark cycle)? |
Chlorophyll A |
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Some plants have accessory pigments to broaden the ________ of light that can be captured. |
Wavelengths |
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What color is chlorophyll B? |
Green |
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What color is chlorophyll C? |
Brown |
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What accessory pigment is a brown color? |
Chlorophyll C |
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What accessory pigment is a green color? |
Chlorophyll B |
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What accessory pigment has a red color? |
Phycoerythrin |
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What accessory pigment has a cyan color? |
Phycocyanin |
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What color is phycoerythrin? |
Red |
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What color is phycocyanin? |
Cyan |
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Are mitochondria dynamic? |
Yes |
Mitochondria can break or fuse with other mitochondria very easily. |
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Are mitochondria circular or rod shaped? |
Rod |
No "shaped" in the answer. |
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What type of prokaryote are mitochondria derived from? |
Purple bacteria |
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What type of prokaryote are chloroplasts derived from? |
Cyanobacteria |
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What are the two main types of endosymbiosis? |
Primary, Secondary |
Separated with a comma |
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How many membranes do former plastids have after primary endosymbiosis? |
Two |
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What is the number of membranes a former plastid can have after secondary endosymbiosis? |
Three, Four |
Separated with a comma |
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Mitochondria and chloroplasts are biochemically similar to _________. |
Prokaryotes |
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Do mitochondria and chloroplasts divide at the same time as their host cell? |
No |
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Do mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes? |
Yes |
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As an example of endosymbiosis, Cyanophora still has a plastid that contains what protein? |
Peptidoglycan |
This is significant because of what similarity it evokes. |
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Primary endosymbiosis is where a _______ eats a ________, but fails to digest it properly. |
Eukaryote, Prokaryote |
Separated by a comma. |
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Secondary endosymbiosis is where a _______ eats a ________, and breaks down everything except the chloroplast. |
Eukaryote, Eukaryote |
Separated by a comma. |
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We can see secondary endosymbiosis happening in which eukaryotic organism (starting with a "cry_______")? |
Cryptomonads |
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The endomembrane system includes all membrane-bound organelles except the _________ and ___________. |
Chloroplast, Mitochondria |
Alphabetical order. |
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Intracellular membranes provide a surface for _______________ reactions. |
Biochemical |
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Intracellular membranes help provide _______ of materials inside the cell. |
Transport |
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Biological membranes can never form ________________. |
T-junctions |
A type of junction. |
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What word can be used to describe a membrane-enclosed space? |
Vesicle |
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Are the membranes inside a eukaryotic cell solid or fluid in texture? |
Fluid |
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Is the endoplasmic reticulum attached to the nuclear envelope? |
Yes |
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The rough ER is named as it is because of the presence of _________. |
Ribosomes |
These organelles are embedded within the rough ER. |
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The rough ER is involved in protein _______ and _________. |
Formation, Transport |
Separated with a comma. |
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Which is closer to the nucleus, the rough ER or the smooth ER? |
Rough ER |
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Does the smooth ER produce lipids? |
Yes |
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Does the smooth ER produce carbohydrates? |
Yes |
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Does the smooth ER produce polysaccharides? |
No |
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Does the smooth ER produce nucleic acids? |
No |
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Does the smooth ER assist in the formation of amino acids? |
No |
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Is the smooth ER involved in detoxifying the environment within or around a cell? |
Yes |
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Does the smooth ER contain ribosomes? |
No |
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The Golgi Apparatus consists of flattened stacks of _____ that are called ______ stacks. |
Cisternae, Golgi |
Separated with a comma. |
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Collectively, all Golgi stacks are called the _______________. |
Golgi Apparatus |
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Is the Golgi Apparatus polar? |
Yes |
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The Golgi Apparatus has a _______ face and a _______ face. |
Forming, Mature |
Alphabetical order. |
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Is the Golgi Apparatus involved in collection, packaging, and distribution? |
Yes |
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Does the Golgi Apparatus produce amino acids? |
No |
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Does the Golgi Apparatus produce polysaccharides? |
Yes |
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Can lysosomes be found in animal cells? |
Yes |
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Can lysosomes be found in plant cells? |
No |
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What organelle is involved in the production of most polysaccharides in a cell? |
Golgi Apparatus |
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What organelle is involved in detoxifying a cell's environment? |
Smooth ER |
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What organelle has an acidic interior and is involved in the breakdown (lysis) of molecules? |
Lysosome |
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Lysosomes can be used to ________ old or defunct organelles. |
Recycle |
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Lysosome formation starts at which organelle? |
Nucleus |
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Lysosome formation finishes at which organelle? |
Golgi Apparatus |
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A __________ is the main organelle for removing compounds generated within the cell. |
Microbody |
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Microbodies have a generally _______ pH. |
Neutral |
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Lysosomes have a generally _________ pH. |
Acidic |
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Microbodies are divided into two types: ________ and _________. |
Glyoxysomes, Peroxisomes |
Alphabetical order. |
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Peroxisomes oxidize and generate ________ as a byproduct. |
Hydrogen Peroxide |
The molecular formula is H2O2. |
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Glycosomes convert ______________ to _______ in germinating seeds. |
Fatty Acids, Sugars |
Separated with a comma. |
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In a plant cell, which organelle takes over the job of the lysosome? |
Vacuole |
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The single membrane of the vacuole is called the __________. |
Tonoplast |
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Does the vacuole contain hydrolytic enzymes? |
Yes |
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Can a vacuole be used for storage? |
Yes |
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What are the small, narrow rivers of cytoplasm that tunnel through an engorged vacuole called? |
Cytoplasm Streams |
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What is organelle movement within a cell called? |
Cytoplasmic Streaming |
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Are intermediate filaments dynamic? |
No |
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What protein subunit is a microtubule made from? |
Tubulin |
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What protein subunit is an actin filament made from? |
Actin |
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Can microtubules or actin filaments contract? |
No |
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Are microtubules and actin filaments polar? |
Yes |
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Growth happens on the _____ side of an actin filament or microtubule. |
+ |
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The ______ side of an actin filament or microtubule is anchored. |
- |
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The _____ side of an actin filament or microtubule is more unstable. |
- |
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The acronym MAPs stands for what? |
Microtubule Associated Proteins |
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Which MAP moves towards the + end of a microtubule? |
Kinesin |
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Which MAP moves towards the - end of a molecule? |
Dynein |
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The MAP _______ also is involved in the operation of eukaryotic flagella. |
Dynein |
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Which motor protein is associated with actin filaments? |
Myosin |
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Myosin motors are involved in ____________ and muscle _______. |
Cytoplasmic Streaming, Contractions |
Separated with a comma. |
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In plant cells, actin filaments are created _______ to each other. |
Parallel |
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