Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
|
What is a pathogen? |
A microorganism that causes disease |
|
|
|
State two differences between a specific and non specific defence mechanism
|
Non specific treats all pathogens the same and responds faster. Specific only binds to specific antigens and the response is slower |
|
|
|
Name the physical barriers of the body
|
Skin
Mucus Tears Stomach acid Sweat |
|
|
|
Name key parts Of phagocytosis
|
Phagocyte detects pathogen.
Phagocyte engulfs pathogen. The pathogen is in a phagosome when inside phagocyte. Lysosomes bind to outside phagosome and release pathogen killing enzymes Pathogen is broken down and taken out phagocyte. |
|
|
|
What is an antigen?
|
Proteins that are found on the outside of every cell. They trigger the immune response.
|
|
|
|
Why is it neccersery to give two injections of a vaccine?
|
More antigens added
More memory cells More antibodies produced |
|
|
|
How do pathogens cause disease?
|
Produce toxins
Damage to host tissue |
|
|
|
Transmission
|
It's how a pathogen goes from one host to another
|
|
|
|
Name 2 similarities between T and B cells
|
Both types of white blood cell
Are involved immunity |
|
|
|
State 2 differences between T and B cells
|
B cells produce antibodies
T cells are involved in cell mediated immunity |
|
|
|
What is an antigen presenting cell?
|
A cell that presents a pathogens antibodies in order for T Cells to become stimulated
|
|
|
|
Describe cell mediated immunity
|
Pathogen is broken down by phagocyte.
It's antigens are then presented on the phagocytes surface. Helper cells specific to the antigen bind to it and become activated. The helper cell then activates the over T cells making all of them clone to form memory cells an killer cells |
T cells
|
|
|
How does a killer cell kill a cell?
|
It makes holes in the pathogens membrane. This makes it fully permeable
|
|
|
|
Why do B cells divide into?
|
Plasma cells and memory cells
|
|
|
|
What is the primary immune response?
|
The first time the body rapidly produces antibodies in order to deal with the new threat using plasma cells
|
|
|
|
What is the secondary response?
|
Memory cells produced in the primary response live for a Long Time. If the pathogen attacks again, then there is already many memory cells to divide rapidly into plasma cells that will produce many more antibodies than the primary response
|
|
|
|
Describe humoral immunity
|
B cell engulfs pathogen antigens.
The B cell presents antigen on surface. Specific B cell binds to antigen and becomes activated. B cell then divides by mitosis into plasma and memory cells |
|
|
|
What are the differences in life spans of memory and plasma cells?
|
Plasma cells have very short lives
Memory cells can live for decades |
|
|
|
What is meant by antigenic variability?
|
When pathogens change their antigens shapes. This causes specific memory cells to not be able to bind to that pathogen anymore, so secondary response can never happen
|
|
|
|
What are antibodies made of?
|
Four polypeptide chains.
Shape is formed from order of amino acids It's shape only binds to 1 specific antigen |
|
|
|
What is passive immunity?
|
Immunity from introduction of antibodies from outside sources. They are replaced when broken down, so immunity is short lived.
|
|
|
|
What is active immunity?
|
Immunity produced by stimulating the production of antibodies from individuals own immune system. Long lived.
|
|
|
|
Name the order that blood travels around the heart. Starting with the pulmonary vein.
|
Oxygenated blood:
Pulmonary vein Left atrium Through atrioventricular valve Left ventricle Through semi lunar valve Aorta that pumps blood around body Deoxygenated blood: Vena cava Right atrium Through Atrioventricular valve Right ventricle Through semi lunar valve Pulmonary artery pumping blood to lungs |
|
|
|
Whys it important to stop oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mixing?
|
Deoxygenated Blood will be pumped around the body again. This results in less oxygen reaching the body's cells
|
|
|
|
What does diastole mean?
|
Relaxation of the heart
|
|
|
|
What does systole mean?
|
Contraction of either the atria or the ventricles
|
|
|
|
Which chamber of the heart produces the greatest pressure
|
Left ventricle
|
|
|
|
Define heart rate |
The rate at which the heart beats every minute. Measured in Beats Per Minute. |
|
|
|
Define stroke volume |
Volume of blood leaving the heart every beat |
|
|
|
Define Cardiac output |
The volume of blood being pumped out by one ventricle every minute |
|
|
|
Cardiac output = |
Heart rate x Stroke volume |
|
|
|
Cardiac cycle: Diastole |
Blood enters atria. Relaxation of ventricles draws blood from atria into ventricles. Atrioventricular valves open. Semi lunar valves are closed. |
|
|
|
Cardiac cycle: Atrial systole |
Atria contact- pushing all the blood into the ventricles. Ventricles remain relaxed. Atrioventricular valves open. Semi lunar valves are closed. |
|
|
|
Cardiac cycle: Ventricular systole |
Ventricles contract. Blood flows out ventricles. Atrioventricular valves close. Semi lunar valves open.
|
|
|
|
What does the sinoatrial node do? (SAN) |
Starts the impulse and sends signal around the atria, making them contract |
|
|
|
What does the Atrioventricular node do? (AVN) |
Located in between the atria. After a short delay the AVN sends the signal down the bundle of His |
|
|
|
What does the Bundle of His do? |
It sends the signal from the septum of the heart to the vertex. |
|
|
|
What do Purkinje fibre do? |
They receive the signal and sent it around the ventricles, making them contract. |
|
|
|
Describe the order of lung structures oxygen travels through |
Nasal cavity Trachea Bronchi Bronchiole Alveoli |
|
|
|
Why does the Trachea have cartilage |
To prevent the airway collapsing as air pressure falls when breathing in |
|
|
|
What is Inspiration |
inhalation |
|
|
|
What is Expiration |
Exhalation |
|
|
|
When do the internal intercostal muscles contract? |
Expiration |
|
|
|
When do the external intercostal muscles contract? |
Inspiration |
|
|
|
How are monoclonal antibodies created?
|
Mouse is exposed to pathogen.
B cells produce many antibodies. Antibodies taken out and mixed with cancer cells. Detergent is added to break down cell walls and allow nucleus to fuse. Fused cells separated and each cell is left to grow. Clones producing correct antibodies are made on mass scale |
|
|
|
Why are some antibodies referred to as monoclonal?
|
They are antibodies produced from a single clone of B cells
|
|
|
|
What is a vaccine?
|
A weakened or dead pathogen that stimulates the production of antibodies and memory cells
|
|
|
|
What is a risk factor?
|
The probability a negative event will happen
|
|
|
|
Why can a causal relationship not occur
|
May be some other factor
|
|
|
|
Describe path of alveolus to the blood
|
Through epithelium that is 1 cell thick.
|
|
|
|
Explain advantage of givin data as percentages
|
Easier To compare if sample size is the same
|
|
|
|
What 2 factors apart from smoking that increase risk of coronary heart disease
|
High intake of salt
High blood pressure |
|
|
|
What is a risk factor?
|
The probability a negative event will happen
|
|
|
|
Why can a causal relationship not occur
|
May be some other factor
|
|
|
|
Explain advantage of givin data as percentages
|
Easier To compare if sample size is the same
|
|
|
|
What 2 factors apart from smoking that increase risk of coronary heart disease
|
High intake of salt
High blood pressure |
|
|
|
How can atheroma's cause a myocardial infarction
|
Fatty streaks build up in lining of the artery wall. The build up blocks coronary artery, which reduces amount of oxygen supply to the heart muscle. The heart muscle is unable to respire.
|
|
