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10 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How do pathogens cause disease?
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Production of toxins- Many Bacteria release harmful toxins into the body.
Cell Damage- Pathogens can physically damage host cells by: - Rupturing them to release nutrients -Breaking down nutrients for their own use - Replicating inside the cell and bursting them when they're released |
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Explain how pathogens can enter the body. |
The Gas Exchange System- Pathogens are breathed in, some get trapped in mucus, Cilia move the mucus up the trachea to the mouth.
The Skin- Damage to the skin, pathogens enter bloodstream, blood clots to form a scab to prevent more pathogens entering. The Digestive System- Eat or Drink things that contain pathogens, most are killed by acidic conditions in the stomach, some survive and attack the gut wall. |
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Explain Phagocytosis.
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1. Phagocyte recognises the antigens on a pathogen
2. The cytoplasm of the phagocyte moves around the pathogen- engulfing it in a phagocytic vacuole. 3. A lysosome, that contains lysosomal enzymes, fuses with the vacuole and the enzymes break down the pathogen. 4. The phagocyte then presents the antigens from the pathogen to activate other immune system cells. |
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Describe the cellular and humoral immune responses.
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Cellular- T Cells are a type of White Blood Cell. It has proteins on its surface that bind to the antigens presented to it by phagocytes. Some T Cells release substances to activate B Cells, some attach to antigens on a pathogen and kill the cell.
Humoral- B Cells are covered with antibodies and so are specific to certain antigens. Whne the B Cell is activated (joins to its antigen) It divides to produce plasma cells (memory cells). |
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Describe how vaccines work.
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Vaccines contain antigens that cause your body to create memory cells, without getting symptoms.
Some vaccines contain inactive, or a weakened, pathogen. |
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What is a monoclonal antibody?
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Monoclonal antibodies are antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B Cells. |
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What is antigenic variability? |
Antigens that the pathogen is made of and what they produce are constantly changing. |
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Give 4 examples of what a monoclonal antibody can be used for.. |
Separation of a chemical from a mixture Immunoassay-calculating the amount of substance in a mixture] Cancer treatment Transplant surgery-knock out these specific T cells |
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What do plasma cells do? |
They secrete cells directly |
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What is the function of a memory cell? |
To circulate the blood and tissue fluid and then when a pathogen(that has previously entered the body) gets in they divide rapidly and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells |
