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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The molecule that functions as the reducing agent in a redox or oxidation-reduction rxn _______ electrons and _______ energy.
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loses electrons, loses energy
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Where does Calvin Cycle take place?
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Stroma of the chloroplast
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Whenever energy is transformed, there is always increase in the
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Entropy of the universe
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Substrate-level phosphorylation accounts for approximately what percentage of the ATP formed during glycolysis?
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100%
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Of the following molecules of the ECM, which is capable of transmitting signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton?
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Integrins
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Dehydration does what to a cell's entropy?
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Decreases entropy
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Hydrolysis' effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Respiration's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Digestion's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Catabolism's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Dehydration
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Decrease the entropy within a cell!
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Hydrolysis' effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Respiration's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Digestion's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Catabolism's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Dehydration reactions do what to a cell's entropy?
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Decrease entropy
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Hydrolysis' effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Respiration's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Digestion's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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Catabolism's effect on entropy of a cell?
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Increased Entropy
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules?
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Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyl
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules?
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Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyl
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A molecule that is phosphorylated
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has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.
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A molecule that is phosphorylated
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has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.
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Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
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by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
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Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
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by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
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In the thylakoid membranes, what is the main role of the pigment molecules?
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Harvest photons and transfer light energy to the reaction center chlorophyl
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Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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Acetyl CoA
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Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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Acetyl CoA
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A molecule that is phosphorylated
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has an increased chemical reactivity; it is primed to do cellular work.
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Which of the following is one of the ways that the membranes of winter wheat are able to remain fluid when it is extremely cold?
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by increasing the percentage of cholesterol molecules in the membrane
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Which of the following is considered an open system?
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an organism
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Which of the following is considered an open system?
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an organism
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Which of the following intermediary metabolites enters the citric acid cycle and is formed, in part, by the removal of a carbon (CO2) from one molecule of pyruvate?
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Acetyl CoA
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Which of the following is considered an open system?
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an organism
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The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because
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This pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm.
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Energy released by the electron transport chain is used to pump H+ ions into which location?
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mitochondrial intermembrane space
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When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy are as follows:
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+△G, +△H, -△S
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What’s the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion?
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Diffusion: goes right across the membrane from high to low concentration!
Facilitated: uses membrane proteins to help it |
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Which of the following occurs in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
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glycolysis and fermentation
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What kinds of molecules pass through a cell membrane most easily?
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small and hydrophobic
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In mitochondria, chemiosmosis pumps protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis pumps protons from
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the stroma into the thylakoid space
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Sucrose is a disaccharide, composed of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose. The hydrolysis of sucrose by the enzyme sucrase results in
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breaking the bond between glucose and fructose and forming new bonds from the atoms of water
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Which metabolic pathway is common to both cellular respiration and fermentation?
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glycolysis
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Which of the following statements is correct about diffusion?
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It is a passive process in which molecules move from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
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Reactants capable of interacting to form products in a chemical reaction must first overcome a thermodynamic barrier known as the reaction's
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activation energy.
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Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
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Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
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One function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to
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oxidize NADH to NAD+
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What is the purpose of beta oxidation in respiration?
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breakdown of fatty acids
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What is the relationship between wavelength of light and the quantity of energy per photon?
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They are inversely related (shorter wavelength, more energy).
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The active site of an enzyme is the region that
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is involved in the catalytic reaction of the enzyme.
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Which curve represents the behavior of an enzyme taken from a bacterium that lives in hot springs at temperatures of 70°C or higher?
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Look for curve with highest peak at 70 degrees, which is Curve 3 in this case. Rate of reaction is proportional to living quality?
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Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?
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The electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water.
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The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain that functions in aerobic oxidative phosphorylation is
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oxygen
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Which of the following statements correctly describes the normal tonicity conditions for typical plant and animal cells?
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The animal cell is in an isotonic solution, and the plant cell is in a hypotonic solution.
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Enzymes increase the rate of chemical rxns how?
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Lowering activation energy barriers.
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Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
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The light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the Calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions.
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Which of the following membrane activities require energy from ATP hydrolysis?
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Na+ ions moving out of the cell
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Glucose diffuses slowly through artificial phospholipid bilayers. The cells lining the small intestine, however, rapidly move large quantities of glucose from the glucose-rich food into their glucose-poor cytoplasm. Using this information, which transport mechanism is most probably functioning in the intestinal cells?
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facilitated diffusion
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Binding of a signaling molecule to which type of receptor leads directly to a change in distribution of ions on opposite sides of the membrane?
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ligand-gated ion channel
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The sodium potassium pump, pumps out 3 Na+ and pumps in 2 K+. The point of this is?
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Establishes membrane potential, making the cell more negative than the extracellular environment
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What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
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synthesize simple sugars (G3P) from carbon dioxide
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How do enzymes lower activation energy?
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Enzyme can orientate the reactants so the reaction is quicker, different environment so it happens faster.
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There's a step that turns pyruvate into Acetyl CoA. Who is oxidized, who is reduced?
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Pyruvate is oxidized.
NAD+ is reduced to NADH. |
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What is an electrogenic pump, give 2 examples.
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Electron can set up the gradient to move ions across the membrane. Sodium potassium pump & the proton pump.
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What's the difference between a coenzyme and a cofactor?
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Coenzyme is organic, cofactor is inorganic. Trace minerals, vitamins.
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What's a reducing agent? Example?
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The one that gives off the electron. Pyruvate.
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What reduces P680+ and P700+?
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The water, the first electron transpot chain.
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Name four of the six membrane functions?
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Enzymatic activity, cell to cell recognition, cell junctioning, transport
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What enzymatic activity affects substrate concentration?
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Competitive inhibitors, low concentration of substrate, high concentration of substrate, the substrate will get in.
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What are the two terminal electron aceptors?
1 in respiration and 2 in photosynthesis. |
Respiration: Oxygen
Photosynthesis: 1st electron transport chain p700+ and 2nd electron transport chain NADP+ |
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What's the difference between the function of NADH and NADPH?
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Electron transporteres, NADH in cellular respiration for oxidation phosphorylation carry electron to ETC and set up a gradient.
NADPH is in photosynthesis going to Calvin Cycle put into an organic molecule to put into a sugar. |
