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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Seeds
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- Changed the course of plant evolution - Enabled plants to become the dominant producers in most terrestrial ecosystems - Originated about 360 millions years ago |
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- Embryo - Nutrients surrounded by a protective coat |
Seed consists of? (2)
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- Reduced size of gametophytes - Heterospory - Ovules - Pollen |
4 Common Characteristics of Seed Plants
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Gametophytes
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- Develop within the sporangia that are retained within tissues of the parent sporophyte
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Heterospory
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- Term referring to the ability to produce male and female gametophyte in one plant
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Ovules
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- Structure that retains the female gametophytes within parent
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Pollen
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- Structure that allows male gametophyte to self-fertilize or travel
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Byrophytes (Mosses)
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For _______, gametophytes are dominant and sporophytes are reduced and dependent on gametophyte for nutrition
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Seedless vascular plants (Ferns)
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For ____, gametophytes are reduced and independent photosynthetic free-living. Sporophytes are dominant.
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Seed plants
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For _____, gametophytes are reduced and usually microscope, dependent on surrounding sporophyte tissue for nutrition. Sporophyte is dominant.
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1. Homosporous 2. Heterosporous |
Ancestors of seed plants were ____1____ while seed plants were ____2____.
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Megasporangia
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- Produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes
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Microsporangia
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- Produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes
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- Megasporangium (2n) - Megaspore (n) - Integuments (2n) |
Ovule consists of? (3) Indicate whether they are haploid/diploid
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Integument
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- Surrounding protection for ovule - Becomes seed coat |
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1. Gymnosperms 2. Angiosperms |
______1_______ megaspores have one integument and ____2____ megaspores have two integuments
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Pollen grains
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- Develop from microspores that contain male gametophytes - When it germinates, gives rise to a pollen tube that discharges sperm into female gametophyte within the ovule |
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Pollination
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- Transfer of pollen to the part of a see plant containing the ovules |
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Pollen
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- Can be dispersed great distances by air or animals and does not require water
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- Survive better than unprotected spores, - May remain dormant until conditions are favorable for germination - Supply of stored food - Can be transported long distances by wind or animals |
4 Evolutionary Advantages of Seeds
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Gymnosperms
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- Clade of seeded plants that are better suited to drier conditions than nonvascular plants - "Naked seeds" - Seeds are exposed on sporophylls that form cornes |
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Angiosperms-
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- Clade of seeded plants that dominate more terrestrial ecosystems - Seeds are found in fruits which are mature ovaries - Reproductive structures called flowers and fruits - Most widespread and diverse of all plants |
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Conifers
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- Cone-bearing gymnosperms and dominate northern latitudes
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- Cycadophyta (Cycads) - Gingkophyta (Gingko biloba) - Gnetophyta (Gnetum, Ephedra, Weiwitschia) - Coniferophyta (Conifers - Pine, fir, redwood) |
4 Phyla of Gymnosperms
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Anthopyta
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- Phyla of angiosperms
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Flowers Fruits |
2 Key adaptations of angiosperms
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Flower
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- Angiosperm structure specialized for sexual reproduction - Specialized shoot with up to four types of modified leaves - Many species are pollinated by insects or animals while some species are wind-pollinated |
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- Sepals - Petals - Stamen - Carpels |
- Modified structure that enclose the flower - Brightly colored and attract pollinators - Produce pollen - Produce ovules |
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- Filament: Stalk - Anther: Sac where pollen is produced |
2 Structures of Stamen and what they are
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- Ovary: base - Style: Structure that connects - Stigma: Receives pollen |
3 Structures of Carpel and what they are
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Fruit
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- Typically consists of a mature ovary but can also include other flower parts - Protect seeds and aid in their dispersal - Can be either fleshy or dry - Adaptations help disperse seeds |
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1. Flower 2. Pollen grains 3. Microsporangia 4. Anthers 5. embryo sac 6. ovule 7. stigma 8. cross-pollination |
The ___1___ of the sporophyte is composed of both male and female structures. Male gametophytes are contained within __2__ produced by the __3__ of __4__. The female gametophyte called __5__ develops within __6__ contained within an ovary at the base of a __7__. Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure __8__ from different plants of the same species.
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1. Flower 2. Sporophyte 3. Pollen grains 4. micro 5. Embryo sac 6. Cross-pollination |
The ___1___ of the ___2___ is composed of both male and female structures. Male gametophytes are contained within __3__ produced by the ___4__sporangia of anthers. The female gametophyte - the __5__ - develops within an ovule contained within an ovary at the base of a stigma. Most flowers have mechanisms to ensure __6__ between flowers from different plants of the same species. |
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- Animal Herbivory selects for plant defenses - Interactions between pollinators and flowering plants select for mutually beneficial adaptations |
2 Evolutionary Links between angiosperms and animals |
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- Key sources of food, fuel, wood products and medicine |
Seed plants are key sources of? (4) |
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Seed plants |
Group of plants most important to human survival - Our reliance makes preservation critical |
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Angiosperms |
Most of our food comes from what type of seed plant?- |
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- Wheat - Rice - Maize - Potato - Cassava - Sweet potato |
6 Crops yield 80% of the calories consumed by humans |
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Moderns Crops |
- Products of relatively recent genetic change resulting from artificial selection |
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Secondary compounds |
- Substance from seed plants that are used in medicines |
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1. 55,000 2. 200 3. Animal |
Destruction of habitat is causing extinction of many plant species. In the tropics, ___1___km2 are cleared each year. At this rate the remaining tropical forests will be eliminated in __2__ years. Loss of plant habitat is often accompanied by loss of the __3__ species that plants support. |
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1. 50% 2. 100-200 3. Tropical rain forests |
At the current rate of habitat loss: __1__% of Earth's species will become extinct within the next __2__ years. The ____3____ may contain undiscovered medicinal compounds. |
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- Eye pupil dilator - Heart medication - Throat soother - Malaria preventive - Ovarian cancer drug - Muscle relaxant - Leukemia drug |
7 uses of Plant-Derived Medicines |