Biology Chapter 29 Plant Diversity: How Plants Colonized Land

Front 1

1. 3 billion

2, cyanobacteria

Back 1

Terrestrial surface of earth was lifeless for first __1__ years. __2__ existed on land 1.2 billion years ago. 500 million years ago, small plants, fungi and animals emerged on land.

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1. 290,000

2. protists

3. algae

5. oxygen

6. energy

Back 2

Land plants have diversified into roughly __1__ living species. They do not include photosynthetic __2__ also known as __3__.

Plants supply __4__ and are the ultimate source of most __5__ eaten by land animals.

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1. Nitrogen

2. Carbon Dioxide

3. Oxygen

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Land plants evolved from green algae was able to fix __1__ and __2__ out of the atmosphere to create a byproduct gas __3__.

Front 4

- Rings of cellullose-synthesizing complexes

- Peroxisome enzymes

- Structure of flagellated sperm

- Formation of a phragmoplast

Back 4

4 Key Traits of Land Plants shared with Green Algae

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Phragmoplast

Back 5

- Plant cell specific structure group of microtubules that forms during late cytokinesis. It serves as a scaffold for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of a new cell wall separating the two daughter cells

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Sexually and Asexually

Back 6

Plants and green algae have the ability to reproduce _______________?

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Charophytes

Back 7

- Green algae that are similar to plants

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Sporopollenin

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- Layer of a durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out, also found in walls of plant spores

- In green algae

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- Unfiltered sun

- Plentiful carbon dioxide

- Nutrient-rich soil

- Few herbivores/pathogens

- Scarcity of water

- Lack of structural support

Back 9

4 Factors for Movement onto Land by Ancestors of Green Algae

2 Challenges

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- Roots

- Stems

- Vascular System

- Leaves

- Stomata

- Cuticle

Back 10

Adaptations made to survive on land (6)

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Embryophytes

Back 11

- Land plants that produce specialized, dependent embryo

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Red Algae - Chlorophytes - Charophytes - Embryophytes [Plantae]

Back 12

Trace ancestral algae from Red Algae to Plants (4)

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- Alternation of generations and multicellular dependent embryos

- Walled spores produced in sporangia

- Multicellular gametangia

- Apical meristems

Back 13

4 Key Traits of Land Plants but absent in green algae

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Sporangia

Back 14

- Multicellular organ shaped like a ball of sporophytes that produces the haploid spores

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1. Mitosis

2. Haploid

3. Diploid

4. Meiosis

5. Sporophyte

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Gametophytes undergo __1__ to produce identical __2___ spores.

Once they fertilize to become ___3___ zygotes, it undergoes ___4___ produce more spores and is considered a ___5___.

Front 16

Gametangia

Archegonia

Antheridia

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- Unique land plant feature that are multicellular organs that produce gametes

Female ones have eggs and are called:

Male ones have sperm and are called:

Front 17

Apical meristem

Back 17

- Although plants are immobile, their roots and shoots can elongate, increasing exposure to environmental resources.

- This growth in length is sustained throughout the plant's life by the activity of the ______ which are localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots.

- Form various types of internal tissues

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Alternation of generations

Gametophytes and Sporophytes

Back 18

- A reproductive cycle where plants alternate between two multicellular stages

- What are the two stages?

Front 19

1. Diploid

2. Gametophyte

3. placental transfer cells

4. Embryophytes

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__1__ embryo is retained within the tissue of the female ___2____. Nutrients are transferred from parent to embryo through ___3___. Land plants are called ___4____ because of the dependency of the embryo on the parent.

Front 20

Sporocytes/Sporophytes

Sporangia

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- Diploid cells/Organisms that undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores

- The spores are produced where?

Front 21

Sporopollen

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- Contained in the walls of spores to make them resistant to harsh environments

Front 22

Archegonia

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- Female gametangia produce eggs and are the site of fertilization

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Antheridia

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- Male gametangia that produce and releases sperm

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Cuticle

Back 24

- Waxy covering of the epidermidis

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Stomata

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- Cells that allow for gas exchange between outside air and plant

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Mycorrhizae

Back 26

- Symbiotic associations between fungi and land plants that may have helped plants without true roots to obtain nutrients

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Secondary Compounds

Back 27

- Substances produced by plants that deter herbivores and parasites

- May also be used for medicinal purposes

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1. Plants

2. Spores

3. Sporangium

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Fossil evidence indicates that ___1___ were on land at least 470 million years ago. Fossilized ___2___ and tissues have been extracted from 450 million year old rocks. Fossils of larger structures, such as ___3___ date to 425 million years ago.

Front 29

- Liverworts

- Mosses

- Hornworts

Byrophytes

Back 29

3 Ancestral Avascular Land Plants

These are also called?

Front 30

Lycophytes

Pterophtes

Back 30

2 Ancestral Seedless Vascular Plants

Front 31

Lycophytes

Back 31

- Latin term referring collectively to club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts

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Pterophytes

Back 32

- Latin term referring collectively to ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns

Front 33

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Back 33

2 Extant Vascularized Seed Plants

Front 34

1. Liverworts

2. Mosses

3. Hornworts

4. Lycophytes

5. Pterophytes

6. Gymnosperms

7. Angiosperms

Back 34

Front 35

Bryophytes

Back 35

Nonvascular plants

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Clades

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- Subgroup of plants

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- Lycophytes (Club mosses)

- Monilophytes (Ferns)

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2 Clades of Seedless Vascular Plants

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Monilophytes

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- Also known as Pterophytes

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Seed

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- Embryo and nutrients surrounded by a protective coat of carbohydrates

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Gymnosperms

Angiosperms

Back 40

2 Clades of Vascular Seed Plants

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Gymnosperms

Back 41

- "Naked seed" plants including the conifers

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Angiosperms

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- Flowering plant

Front 43

1. Multicellular gametangia

2. Vascular tissue

3. Seeds

Back 43

Front 44

Xylem

Phloem

Back 44

2 Types of Vascular Tissue

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Xylem

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- Conducts most of the water and minerals and includes dead cells called tracheids

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Tracheids

Back 46

- Type of water conducting cell that are longer and thinner with tapered ends

- Their secondary walls are hardened with lignin

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Lignin

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- Strengthen water-conducting cells and provide structural support

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Phloem

Back 48

Consists of living cells and distributes sugars, amino acids, and other organic products-

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Roots

Back 49

- Organs that anchor vascular plants

- Enable them to absorb water and nutrients from the soil

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Leaves

Back 50

- Increase surface area for plants to capture solar energy and undergo photosynthesis

Front 51

Microphylls

Megaphylls

Back 51

Two Types of Leaves:

- Leaves with a single vein

- Leaves with a highly branched vascular system