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105 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Give 3 things plants compete for |
Light for photosynthesis; Space; Water and nutrients from soil |
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Give 3 things animals compete for |
Food; mates; territory (etc.) |
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Give one way in which an animal may be adapted for survival Arctic environments |
Camouflage; thick fur coats for insulation; high amounts of body fat for insulation |
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Give one way in which plants may be adapted to survive in a dry environment |
Smaller surface area of leaves so less water is lost; Water storage tissues; extensive root systems |
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What living organism may be used to indicate air pollution? |
Lichens |
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What organisms may be used to indicate water pollution? |
Invertebrate animals |
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What is an extremophile? |
An organism that adapts to survive in extreme conditions (e.g. high temperatures/ pressure) |
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What is the name given to an organism that adapts to survive in extreme conditions? |
An extremophile |
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What do organisms need from their habitats in order to survive? |
Water; Oxygen; Suitable climate; Nutrients; Shelter (etc.) |
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What do plants need from their habitats in order to survive? |
Light; Carbon dioxide; Minerals; Water; Space (etc.) |
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What is an adaptation? |
A special body characteristic/ feature that makes an organism well suited to its environment. Organisms have evolved adaptations to a particular environment |
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Give an example of an organism with specific adaptations for food (catching prey) |
Frog - sticky tongue to catch insects; Eagle - sharp talons to kill and carry prey when flying; Spiders - spins web to catch insects |
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What is a habitat? |
The localised place where an organism lives |
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Give 2 ways camels are well adapted to survive in their natural habitat |
Long eyelashes to prevent sand blowing in eyes; ability to store a lot of water; ability to withstand body temperature of up to 42°C; large surface area to volume ratio to maximise heat loss (etc.) |
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Give 2 ways polar bears are adapted to survive in their natural habitat |
Thick layer of fur for insulation; thick layer of blubber for further insulation; small surface area to volume ratio to minimise heat loss; large feet to spread the load on snow and ice (etc.) |
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What is natural selection? |
The organisms that are best adapted to their environment are most likely to survive and reproduce, passing on their genetic information |
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Give 2 ways cacti are well adapted to survive in their natural habitat |
Spines instead of leaves to minimise surface area, resulting in minimal evaporation; spines provide protection against animals which would otherwise eat them; large water storage space in stems; widespread root systems to collect water |
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Give 3 adaptions of a microorganism |
Single celled; mutation of a single gene can create antibiotic resistance; reproduce at a rapid rate |
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Why are lichens good indicators of air pollution? |
They are sensitive to sulphur dioxide in the air and do not grow well in areas with air pollution |
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What is an indicator species |
A species that indicates to us whether an environment has been affected by environmental change |
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What organisms can be found in polluted water (low oxygen levels)? |
Invertebrates - mostly worms and leeches |
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What organisms may be found in slightly polluted water (rising levels of Oxygen)? |
Invertebrates- wider variety than in polluted water - e.g. molluscs, some beetles, larvae |
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What organisms may be found in clean water (high levels of Oxygen)? |
Invertebrates found - Many different species - begin to find shrimp and mayfly larva which do not tolerate any pollution |
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What are the 3 main food groups? |
Carbohydrates; Proteins; Fats |
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Give 3 foods carbohydrates are found in |
Potatoes; pasta; bread; bananas; sugar; rice |
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Why do our bodies need carbohydrates? |
As a source of energy for life processes |
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Why do our bodies need fats? |
As a source of energy for life processes, but also to make cell membranes and insulate our bodies |
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Why do our bodies need proteins? |
For growth and repair, and also for building cells |
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Give 3 foods fats are found in |
Cheese, butter, margarine, oils |
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Give 3 foods proteins are found in |
Meat, fish, eggs, cheese |
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What can having an imbalanced died lead to? |
Can cause a person to become malnourished (underweight/ overweight); May lead to deficiency diseases (e.g. rickets which affects the growth of the skeleton) |
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How may an individual lose body mass? |
If their diet consists of food with a lower energy content than the amount of energy their body uses |
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What is metabolic rate? |
The speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body |
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Give 3 factors that affect metabolic rate |
Age; gender; proportion of muscle to fat in the body; amount of exercise and physical activity done by the individual |
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Where is cholesterol made? |
In the liver |
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What is cholesterol needed for? |
Healthy cell membranes |
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What can too much cholesterol in the blood lead to? |
Increased risk of heart disease and diseased arteries |
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What are the 7 components of a balanced diet? |
Carbohydrates; Proteins; Fats; Fibre; Minerals; Water; Vitamins |
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What is fibre used for in the body? |
Aids digestion |
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What is a healthy diet? |
A diet consisting of the correct nutrients in the correct quantities |
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What are the two types of cholesterol? |
LDL (low density lipoproteins) - BAD; HDL (high density lipoproteins) - GOOD |
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Why are LDLs bad for the body? |
They lead to fat building up in the arteries as they carry cholesterol from the liver to the body cells |
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Why are HDLs good for the body? |
They help to remove excess cholesterol as they carry excess cholesterol back to the liver |
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How does cholesterol travel around the body? |
In the blood attached to proteins |
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What is a pathogen? |
A microorganism that causes infectious disease |
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What do antitoxins do? |
Counteract the toxins released by the pathogens |
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What are the 2 main categories of pathogen? |
Bacteria and viruses |
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List 3 properties of bacteria |
They are living; they live on host cells; they reproduce rapidly by binary fission; they produce toxins; they are killed by antibodies |
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Give an example of a bacteria |
Salmonella; tetanus; tuberculosis; cholera |
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Give 3 properties of a virus |
Not living; invade living cells, reproduce inside them and burst out (destroys the cells); release toxins; unaffected by antibodies |
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Give an example of a virus |
Polio; flu; chicken pox; HIV |
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Give 3 ways disease spreads |
Airborne transmission; contaminated food/ water; exchanging of bodily fluids |
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What is an epidemic? |
The rapid spread of disease through a population so that many people are affected at one time |
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What is a pandemic? |
An epidemic spreading across many countries |
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What is an antigen? |
A chemical that stimulates an immune response |
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What is an antibody? |
A protein produced by white blood cells to destroy a specific antigen |
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What is herd immunity? |
When 80-90% of a population are vaccinated so that a pathogen cannot spread |
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What is phagocytosis? |
They process in which a white blood cell engulfs a pathogen |
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What do memory cells do? |
Make a person immune to future infection because they respond by rapidly making specific antibodies if the same pathogen is encountered again |
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What is an antibiotic? |
A medicine that kills bacteria |
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What is the problem with antibiotics? |
Some bacteria are becoming immune to them (e.g. MRSA) |
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How do you reduce the risk of antibiotic resistance? |
Not using antibiotics to treat viruses; using antibiotics specific to a particular disease; completing the full course of antibiotics |
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What is a placebo? |
Has the same taste and appearance as a drug, but lacks the active ingredient |
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What do chromosomes do? |
Carry genes that control certain characteristics of the body |
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What causes differences in the characteristics of different individuals of the same kind? |
Inherited genes; the conditions and environment in which they have developed; or a mixture of both |
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What is sexual reproduction? |
The fusion of male and female gametes. The mixture of genetic information from the two parents leads to variety in the offspring |
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What is asexual reproduction? |
When there is no fusion of gametes and only one individual is needed as the parent. There is no mixture of genetic information, therefore no genetic variation in the offspring (clones) |
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What is adult cell cloning? |
The nucleus is removed from an unfertilised egg cell. The nucleus from an adult body cell is then inserted into the egg cell. An electric shock then causes the cell to begin to divide to form embryo cells containing the same genetic information as the adult cells. When the embryo has developed into a ball of cells, it is inserted into the womb of a host animal. |
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What are embryo transplants? |
Splitting apart cells from a developing animal embryo before they become specialised, then transplanting the identical embryos into host mothers. |
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What are the two types of variation? |
Genetic Variation and Environmental Variation |
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What is genetic variation? |
All animals and plants (except clones and identical twins) have slightly different genes which determine how the body turns out. |
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What is environmental variation? |
How an organisms surroundings effect their appearance behaviour |
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What is a phenotype? |
The characteristics shown by an organism |
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How many pairs of chromosomes does a human have? |
23 pairs |
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What is propagation? |
The making of artificial clones of plants using cuttings and grafts |
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What is tissue culture? |
the growth in an artificial medium of cells derived from living tissue. |
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Why is tissue culture beneficial? |
It is a very fast, cheap and efficient procedure for producing large amounts of tissue (or in the case of plants, whole organisms) |
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What is genetic engineering? |
The changing if the genetic make up of an organism by transferring genes into them at an early stage in their development. These genes can be cut out of one organism using enzymes and inserted into another using the same enzyme |
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Give an advantage of genetically modified (gm) crops |
They may be insect resistant; usually have increased yield |
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Give an advantage of cloning |
Cloning cattle can produce herds with desirable characteristics; adult cell cloning can be used to make copies of the best animals |
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Give an advantage of genetic engineering |
Several medical drugs have been produced by genetic engineering; GM crops can be insect or herbicide resistant |
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Give 3 disadvantages of genetic engineering |
GM crops are infertile; possibility of accidentally introducing genes into wild flower populations; insects that are not pests may be affected by GM crops; people worry about the effects of eating GM crops on human health |
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Give an example of a mixture of both genetic and environmental variation happening together? |
Skin colour after being in the sun |
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How are genes transferred from parents? |
Via gametes |
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What is a gene? |
A section of DNA that codes for a particular protein |
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What was the first mammal to be cloned? |
Dolly the sheep |
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Where is fsh released? |
Pituitary glands in the brain |
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What does Fsh do? |
Causes egg follicle to mature and stimulates release of oestrogen |
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What does oestrogen do? |
Stops fsh production so that only 1 egg matures and stimulates pituitary gland to release LH |
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What does LH do |
Causes mature egg to be released from ovary (day 14) |
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What does progesterone do? |
Thickens and maintains uterus lining so embryo can implant |
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What Hormones do contraceptive pills contain? |
Oestrogen and progesterone |
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Where does the blood transport hormones? |
Target organs |
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Where are Hormones secreted? |
By glands |
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What is ivf |
When a mother is give fsh and LH to stimulate the maturing of several eggs. The eggs are collected from the mother and fertilised, they then develop into embryos and inserted into the mothers womb |
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Give 3 things plants are sensitive to |
Light, moisture, gravity |
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In which direction do shoots grow? |
Towards the light, away from gravity |
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In which direction do roots grow |
Towards gravity and moisture |
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What does auxin control? |
Phototropism and gravitropism |
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What is the name given to drug trials using a placebo? |
Double blind trials |
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What do anabolic steroids do? |
Stimulate muscle growth |
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Give a side effect of cannabis |
Mental illness |
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What three drugs may have adverse effects on the heart? |
Cannabis, heroin, ecstasy |
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What detects stimuli |
Receptors |
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What receptor cell has a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell membrane |
Light receptors |
