Biology 11 - Unit 1

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Biology

Back 1

Bio = life
ology = study of

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What are the main requirements for life?

Back 2

Homeostatis, organization, metabolism, waste, specialized structures, growth, adaption, respond to stimuli, reproduction.

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Homeostatis

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Adjusting to external changes to maintain a constant internal environment

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Taxonomy

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taxis = arrangement
nomos = law or science of
The science of classifying by naming & grouping based on similar structure or origin.

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Taxon

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groups of similar organisms

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Classification system

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Kingdom Genus
Phylum Species
Class
Order
Family

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Species

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group of similar organisms that can interbreed under natural conditions and produce fertile offspring.

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Binomial Nomenclature

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2-word Latin naming system for species
Genus name -- Species name

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Dichotomous Key

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A list of questions used to identify organisms, each question has a choice between two characteristics.

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Biodiversity

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number of different species in a given area

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Biotic

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all living organisms (alive or were once alive)
ex paper, bread, apple, dead tree

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Abiotic

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nonliving things
Physical factors: climate, temp, sunlight, season..
Chem factors: minerals, water, CO2, nitrogen..

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Diversity

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difference between species and within species leading to change over time

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natural selection

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when an environment changes the organisms to best fit to the new environment - outcompete the others and survive while rest die off

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Genetic variation

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changes in genes resulting from random mutations - possibly increasing an organisms chance for survival

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Prokaryotes

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small, simplistic, DNA circular, no nucleus, one chromosome, mo mitosis or meiosis, asexual, unicellular, many anaerobic

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Eukaryotes

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large, more recent and complex, DNA, nucleus, membrane bound organelles, several chromosomes, cells divide by mitosis and meiosis, sexual reproduction, multicellular, most aerobic

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Primordial earth

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Before life - hot mud pools
asteroids
Atmosphere: hot gases, oxygen in compounds
The surface cooled, water vapour condensed, years of torrential rains formed ocean basins

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Primary abiogenesis

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theory that the first living things on earth arose from non living things

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Protenoids

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spontaneously form protein chains and self-assemble into small, cell-like structures with membranes

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Ribozymes

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RNA molecule able to catalyze (start) a chemical reaction and replicate itself.

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Chemoautotrophs

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use chemicals, not sun, for energy. First true cells

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Photosynthetic autotrphs

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Get energy from sun. Form and release free oxygen into atmosphere which allows heterotrphs to grow.

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DNA

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a long, chain like molecule of many repeating subunits

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Nucleotide

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Forms each subunit of DNA.
Made of deoxyribose sugar, phosphate backbone, nitrogenous base

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The 4 bases

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Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)

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Complimentary base pairing

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bases pair with other bases on a second chain of nucleotides, forming a ladder, or zipper-like molecule

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Double Helix

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DNA molecule twists; forming a special spiral called a double helix

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Genetic code

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determined by the order of the bases. Order determines the type of proteins that makes the structure of a body and all the processes that occur in it

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Gene

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The section of DNA that codes for one protein

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mutation

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any change in the order of nitrogenous bases in a gene can change the structure of the protein. Can be good or bad

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Fossils

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evidence of ancient life preserved in earth's crust

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Radioactive dating

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the dating of fossils by measuring the ratio of radioactive to normal isotopes of different elements

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Geological time scale

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cross sections of the earth's crust revealing changes over time due to gradual sedimentation

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Embryology

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All living organisms start off as a single cell which then divides and specializes

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Homologous structures

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Structure that have similar origin in embryo with same basic bone structure
Ex. Human arm, whale flipper, etc

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Analogous structures

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Structures that are similar in appearance and function but not origin

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Vestigal structures

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Organs or body parts - degenerate, rudimentary, or atrophied, having become functionless in the course of evolution

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Biochemical evidence

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similarity in biochemistry providing proof of relationships between organisms and common ancestors

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FItness

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traits and behaviors of organisms that give them the ability to survive and reproduce in a particular environment

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Adaptions

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features that improve fitness and make an organism better suited towards its environments. features such as appearance, behavior, structure, mode of life

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Ecological niche

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a combination of an organisms habitat and its role in the habitat

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Variability

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variation within a species (similar to diversity)

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Inherited variations

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derived from previous generations

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Acquired variations

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non-inherited, acquired within the lifetime of an animal. may also be environmental

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Evolution

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Ascent with modification - change over time

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Lamarck

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developed theory of inheritance

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5 points of Darwin's theory

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1. Descent from ancestor
2. variation
3. competition
4. survival of the fittest
5. pass on genes

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Gradualism

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large evolutionary changes in species due to accumulation of many small, and ongoing changes and processes

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Punctuated equilibrium

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large evolutionary changes due to rapid spurts of change followed by long periods of little or no change

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Divergent evolution

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occurs when 2 or more species evolve increasingly different traits, resulting from different selective pressures or genetic drift

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Convergent evolution

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occurs when 2 or more species become increasingly similar in appearance in response to similar selective pressures

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Adaptive radiation

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occurs when an ancestral form "bursts" into many new, but related species. ex, Darwin's finches

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Genetic drift

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small populations as a result of chance, will not have the same frequency of genes as the large population

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Non-random mating

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individuals that mate and reproduce frequently make larger contributions to future generations

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sexual reproduction

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allows for variation within a population.

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reproductive isolation

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a collection of mechanisms, behaviors and physiological processes that prevent the members of two different species that cross or mate from producing offspring

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stabilizing selection

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most common phenotypes (expression of a gene) are favoured by environment as natural selection eliminates extreme variations in a particular trait
ex hummingbird beak and length of flowers

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selective pressure

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environmental condition that causes some species to be more fit than others

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Directional selection

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when environment favours individuals with more extreme variations of a trait

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disruptive selection

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favours individuals with variations at opposite extremes of a trait