Module 10- Osmoregulation & Disposal Of Metabolic Wastes

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Osmoregulation

Back 1

the ability to counteract osmotic stress and maintain homeostasis with respect to water and electrolyte balance

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Electrolytes

Back 2

compounds that separate into ions when dissolved

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Osmoconformers

Back 3

body fluids of most marine invertebrates are in osmotic equilibrium with surrounding sea water

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Osmoregulators

Back 4

animals have homeostatic mechanisms that maintain salt concentration in their tissues regardless of their surroundings

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Intracellular fluid

Back 5

fluid with cells (holds most body fluid)

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Extracellular fluid

Back 6

fluid outside cells (interstitial fluid, lymph, blood plasma, and hemolymph)

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Interstitial fluid

Back 7

fluid between cells that forms from blood plasma and bathes all cells

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Function of blood plasma

Back 8

transports nutrients gases, waste products, and other materials throughout the body

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Tonicity/Osmolarity

Back 9

describes the amount of solute in the solvent required outside of cells to maintain an isotonic environment

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Osmosis

Back 10

the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from a more dilute solution to a less dilute solution

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Osmoregulation

Back 11

the process by which organisms control the concentration of water and salt so that their body fluids do not become too dilute or too concentrated

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Excretory systems

Back 12

function in both osmoregulation and disposal of metabolic wastes

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Excretion

Back 13

the process of ridding the body of metabolic wastes

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Principal metabolic waste products

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water, carbon dioxide and nitrogenous wastes (ammonia, uric acid, urea)

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deamination

Back 15

metabolism of amino acids in which the nitrogen containing amino group is removed and converted to ammonia

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Ammonia

Back 16

produced by deamination of amino acids, excretory product of aquatic animals

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Uric acid

Back 17

pasty-like substance produced from ammonia and breakdown of nucleotides, which requires no water for excretion and is the excretory product of animals in arid environment (reptiles, birds, and insects)

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Urea

Back 18

Produced in the liver from ammonia by the urea cycle and is the main nitrogenous waste product of mammals

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Protonephridia

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composed of tubules with no internal openings that Planarians (flat worms) contain

Interstitial fluid enters the flame cells, and the beating of cilia propels fluid through the tubules

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Metanephridia

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tubes that open at both ends that annelids, mollusks, and worms have.

The ciliated inner end opens into the coelom (the outer end opens) to the outside through a nephridiopore

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Malpighian tubules

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blind end in the hemocoel, open ends empty into the gut; transport waste from the hemolph into the tumbule lumen

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Kidney

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the major organ of excretion and is responsible for osmoregulation in vertebrates

regulates the total volume of blood and interstitial fluid and solute concentration

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Renal cortex

Back 23

outer portion of the kidney

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Renal medulla

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inner portion of the kidney

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nephron

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functional unit of the kidney

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Bowman's capsule

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contains a cluster of capillaries called a glomerulus

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Glomerulus

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cluster of capillaries that filter blood plasma

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proximal convoluted tubule

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conducts filtrate from Bowman's capsule

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loop of Henle

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elongated, hairpin-shaped tube that helps concentrate urine

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distal convoluted tubule

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conducts filtrate to a collecting duct

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Steps in urine production

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1) Filtration

2) Reabsorption

3) Secretion

4) Concentration

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Filtration

Back 32

plasma filters through the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule

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Reabsorption

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occurs in the proximal convoluted tubules and the loop of henle

(glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and ions(sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and potassium))

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Secretion

Back 34

excess hydrogen and potassium ions move into the distal and collecting tubules mostly via active transport (essential for pH balance)

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Urine Concentration

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sufficient water can leave the collecting ducts to produce a highly concentrated urine

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Urinalysis

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the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine, is an important diagnostic tool used to monitor body function and disorders

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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ADH or vasopressin increase water retention in the collecting ducts of the kidney nephron

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Aldosterone

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Increases the reabsorption of sodium which leads to increased water retention and increased blood pressure

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Dialysis

Back 39

a process for removing waste from the blood, and is used primarily to provide an artificial replacement for lost kidney function in people with kidney failure