Biology 11 - Unit 2: Kingdom Monera

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Two kingdoms of Monera

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Archaebacteria & Eubacteria

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Archaebacteria

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-Extreme loving prokaryotic micro-organisms
-have lipid structures allowing cells to survive extreme hot or cold
-thought to be one of life's first organisms

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Classifications of Archaebacteria

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Methanogens, Halophiles, & Thermacidophiles

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Methanogens

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Methane-producing.
-live in oxygen-free environments (swamps, marshes)
-use chemicals as energy
-produce methane as waste

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Halophiles

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Salt loving.
-live in salt pools (up to 15% salt. Seawater is only 3.5%)

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Thermacidophiles

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Heat & acid loving.
-extremely hot and acidic environments (volcanoes, hot springs, & temps above 80 C)

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Eubacteria

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Largest amount of organisms on the planet

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Eubacteria classifications

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By shape, growth patterns, cell wall structure, & respiration.

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Eubacteria classification by shape

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Cocci - round, easily transferred and resist drying.
Bacilli - Rod shaped. large surface area for absorbing nutrients.
Spirilli - easily passed, spiral shaped, move through fluids with less resistance

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Eubacteria classification by growth patterns

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Diplo - arranged in pairs (diplococci)
Staphylo - arranged in clusters (staphylococci)
Strepto - long chain (streptococci)

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Eubacteria classification by cell wall structure

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Gram positive - very thick protein payer on cell wall. 1 membrane. Purple stain. 2 support rings in flagella.
Gram negative - thin protein layer on cell wall. 2 inner and outer membranes. 4 support rings in flagella.

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Eubacteria classification by respiration.

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Obligate aerobes - need oxygen
Obligate anaerobes & facultative anaerobes - use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2
-some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid, & methane

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obligate anaerobes

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NO oxyegn
-use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2
-some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid, & methane

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Faculative anaerobes

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Can survive and grow with or without oxygen
-use fermentation to convert sugar into alcohol and CO2
-some also produce lactic acid, acetic acid, & methane

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How bacteria get their energy

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Nutrition

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Parasites

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disease-causing bacteria that get their food from living organisms

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Saprophytes

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Get food from dead and decomposing organic matter (arsenic fish)

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Types of reproduction

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Asexual, sexual, and endospore

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Binary fission

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Asexual
"splitting in two" - copy DNA, elongate, septum and cell wall form. Cells separate into two identical cells

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Conjugation

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Sexual reproduction (partly)
Cells link and form bridge - one bacterium transfers part or all of chromo to other, then undergoes binary fission

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Plasmids

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Sexual reproduction
small loops of DNA separate and transfer from one cell to the other. Used in genetic engineering.
(key)

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Spore formation

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Endospore
allows bacteria to survive unfavourable conditions. The spore is the dormant stage - when conditions improve, bacteria lose endospore coat and begin to divide normally

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Cocci

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bacteria that is round, easily transferred, resist drying

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Bacilli

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bacteria that is rod shaped, large surface area for absorbing nutrients

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Spirilli

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bacteria that is easily transferred, spiral shaped, moves through liquid with ease

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Diplococci

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arranged in pairs

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staphylococci

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arranged in clusters

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streptococci

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long chain

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gram positive

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thick protein layer on cell wall, 1 membrane, 2 supports rings

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gram negative

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thin protein layer on cell wall, 2 (inner & outer) membranes, 4 support rings

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obligate aerobes

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need oxygen

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obligate anaerobes

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NO oxygen

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Facultative anaerobes

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can survive and grow with or without oxygen

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Heterotrophic bacteria

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gets food from other organisms (parasites and saprophytes)

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parasites

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Heterotrophic. disease causing bacteria that get their food from living organisms

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Saprophytes

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Heterotrophic. Get their energy from dead and decomposing matter.

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Autotrophic bacteria

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make their own food (photosynthesis and chemo synthesis)

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Asexual reproduction

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The majority of bacteria reproduce this way. Reproduce by BINARY FISSION

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Binary Fission

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copy DNA, elongate, septum and cell wall form, cells separate into two identical cells.

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sexual reproduction

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Some bacteria reproduce this way. Two ways - CONJUGATION & PLASMIDS

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Antibodies

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proteins made by body to deactivate an invading bacteria

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phagocytes

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engulf bacteria

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antitoxins

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chemicals made by the body to deactivate bacterial toxins

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Fever (standard human fever)

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boosts immune system and slows growth of bacteria