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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Organelles that are always present in monera |
- Cell Wall - Cell Membrane - Ribosome - Cytoplasm - Nuclear material |
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Organelles that are sometimes present monera |
- Capsule - Flagellum - Plasmid |
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Types of Shapes of Monera |
Spherical, Rod and Spiral |
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Define and describe the process of Binary Fission |
Process by which bacteria reproduce asexually 1. Chromosome replicated 2. Cell grows + the 2 chromosomes are pulled apart 3. When doubled in size, the bacterial cell splits to form 2 new cells |
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Types of Autotrophic Bacteria |
- Photosynthetic: - Chemosynthetic |
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Types of Heterotrophic Bacteria |
- Saprophytic - Symbiotic |
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Types of Symbiotic Bacteria Relationships |
1. Mutualism 2. Commensalism 3. Parasitism |
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Factors that affect growth of bacteria |
Oxygen, temperature, pH, external solute concentration, pressure |
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How does temperature affect growth of bacteria? |
Bacteria have enzymes which can be denatured at certain temperatures |
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How does pH affect the growth of bacteria? |
Bacteria have enzymes which can be denatured at unsuitable pHs |
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How does external solute concentration affect growth of bacteria? |
- If environment outside cell has low solute concentration, water enters cell - If environment outside cell has high solute concentration, water will leave the cell - Bacteria cannot reproduce due to lack of water - Basis of food preservation via osmosis |
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How does pressure affect growth of bacteria? |
- High pressure damages cell walls |
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Describe the formation and workings of an endospore |
- Forms in unfavourable conditions - DNA replicates - A tough, resistant wall forms around DNA of the cell - Endospore remains dormant until favourable conditions + absorbs water + the wall of the spore bursts |
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Examples of Beneficial Bacteria |
- Streptomyces - Lactobacillus - Escherichia Coli |
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Examples of Harmful Bacteria (usually pathogenic) |
- Salmonella Typhi - Vibrio Cholera - Mycobacterium Tuberculosis |
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Define Pathogenic Bacteria and give example |
Bacteria that causes diseases e.g. Salmonella |
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Define Antibiotics |
Chemicals produced by microorganisms which kill or prevent the growth of other microorganisms |
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Where is the gene that makes microorganisms resistant to antibiotics located? |
In the plasmid of the bacterial cell |
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What is antibiotic resistance caused by and describe how they form? |
Over use of antibiotics as they kill beneficial + harmful bacteria. Bacteria in the body become used to this antibiotic + build up resistance to it |
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Monera are the only ________ kingdom |
Prokaryotic |
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Describe the Growth Curve for Bacteria |
1. Lag Phase: Bacteria are adjusting to new environment 2. Log Phase: Rapid increase (exponential growth) in numbers as conditions become favourable. Bacteria multiplying rapidly by Binary Fission 3. Stationary: No increase or decrease in numbers. Competition for food, oxygen and space. Toxins building up 4. Decline/Death Phase: Bacteria die - same reasons as Stationary above 5. Survival: Some bacteria live on as Endospore (only formed in unfavourable conditions) |
L arry L ost S tinky D irty S ocks |
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Define Bioreactor |
A vessel where cells, enzymes + organisms are placed to produce a specific product |
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Batch Flow Method (Characteristics and Example of Use) |
- Microorganisms go through normal 5 phase growth curve - Fixed amount of nutrients added at start - Bioreactor emptied at end of production e.g. Used to make the antibiotic Penicillin |
No. of letters |
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Ways microorganisms are grown in bioreactors for commercial use |
Batch Flow Method and Continuous Flow Method |
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Batch Flow Method (Definition) |
A fixed amount of nutrients is added to the bioreactor and a specific amount of product is emptied at the end of production |
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Continuous Flow Method (Characteristics and Example of Use) |
- Microorganisms kept in Log Phase to produce huge numbers - Nutrients continuously fed into bioreactor - Product continuously removed e.g. Used to make a protein substitute from bacteria called Single Cell Protein (SCP) |
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Continuous Flow Method (Definition) |
Bacteria are kept in Log Phase of growth in bioreactor as nutrients are continuously added and waste is continuously removed |
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Define Industrial Microbiology and give Methods |
Producing bacterial products on industrial scale Methods: Batch Culture + Continuous Culture |
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Benefits and Disadvantages of Batch Culture Normal Growth Curve |
Benefit: Easy to control Disadv: Needs to be sterilised + set up fresh for each 'batch' |
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Benefits and Disadvantages of Continuous Culture Growth Curve |
Benefit: - Kept at log or stationary phase (nutrients continuously added, wastes continuously removed) - Can run for long periods Disadv: - Maintaining constant conditions (pH, nutrients) is difficult |
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Function of cell wall |
Structure and shape
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Function of cell membrane |
Allow substances to enter and exit the cell |
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Function of ribosome |
Produces protein |
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Function of cytoplasm |
Holds organelles in place |
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Definition and function of nuclear material in monera |
Single chromosomes of DNA that is not in a membrane and contains genetic info |
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Definition and function of capsule in monera |
Semisolid layer around the cell wall for protection in pathogenic bacteria |
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Function of flagellum |
Movement |
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Define plasmid in monera |
Loop of DNA containing genes for special traits e.g. antibiotic resistance |
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Latin for spherical monera |
(s) Coccus (pl) Cocci
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How do spherical monera occur? (groups, alone, etc...) |
Occur singularly in clusters, in pairs or in chains |
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Example of spherical monera |
Pneumonia |
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Latin for rod monera |
(s) Bacillus (pl) Bacilli |
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How do rod monera occur? (e.g. alone, in groups, etc...) |
Occur singularly or in chains |
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Do spherical monera have flagella? |
No |
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Do rod monera have flagella? |
Yes |
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Example of rod monera |
Tuberculosis |
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Latin for spiral monera |
(s) Spiral (pl) Spirilla |
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How do spiral monera occur? (alone, groups, etc...) |
Occur singularly |
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Example of spiral monera |
Syphillis |
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Define photosynthetic and give example |
Bacteria that use sunlight to make their own food e.g. Bacteria in soil |
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Define chemosynthetic and give example |
Bacteria that make their own foods using energy from chemical reactions e.g. Bacteria in volcanic pools |
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Define saprophytic and give example |
Bacteria that obtain food from dead, organic matter e.g. Leaves |
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Define symbiotic |
Bacteria that live off another organism where at least one of them benefits |
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Define mutualism and give example |
Both organisms benefit from living off each other e.g. Vitamin producing bacteria in the large intestines |
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Define commensalism and give example |
Only one organism benefits, but doesn't cause harm to the host e.g. Bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) on the skin |
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Define parasitism and give example |
Only one organism benefits + causes harm to the host e.g. Cholera causes disease to humans |
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Define obligate aerobic |
Organisms require oxygen for growth |
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Define Obligate Anaerobic |
Organisms require oxygen to be absent for growth |
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Define Facultative Anaerobes |
Can grow with or without oxygen |
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At what temperature do most bacteria grow best at?
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Most bacteria grow best between 10 - 30°C |
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At what pH do most bacteria grow best at? |
Most bacteria grow best at a neutral pH 6-8 |
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What is an endospore resilient to? |
Heat + chemicals |
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Function of Streptomyces
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Produce antibiotics |
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Function of Lactobacillus
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Produce yoghurt and cheese |
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Function of Escherichia Coli |
Produce vitamin K |
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What pathogenic bacteria causes typhoid? |
Salmonella typhi
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What pathogenic bacteria causes cholera? |
Vibrio cholera |
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What pathogenic bacteria causes tuburculosis?
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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What is the main benefit of bacteria? |
Antibiotics
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What do antibiotics not affect? |
Viruses or fungi |
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