Biology 101 Protista Kingdom Unit 2

Front 1

three types of protist

Back 1

1) Fungal Protists (3)
2) Algae - autotrophs (6)
3) Protozoans - heterotrophs 6

Hint 1

Protists are not a fungus, plant or animal. they are most abundant in moist habitats and most of them are microscopic in size; we classify protists phyla into several subgroups that each display distinctive features

Characterized by:
-presence/absence of cilia or flagella
-kinds of pigments
-kinds of cristae present in the mitochondria
-molecular genetics of the small ribosomal subunit
-presences/absences of inclusions
-overall body form
-presences/absences of shell or test
-modes of nutrition
-modes of movement

Front 2

three phyla of Fungal Protists

Back 2

1) Acrasiomycota (cellular slime-molds)
2) Myxomycota (plasmodial slime-molds)
3) Oomycota (water molds)

Hint 2

all end in -mycota meaning fungi

Front 3

Characteristics of Phylum Myxomycota

Back 3

Plasmodial Slime Mold: looks like yellow blob

Plasmodium : multinucleate mass of protoplasm

Spores (resistant cells) in Sporangium → go through meiosis in undesired environment → haploid flagellated isogametes aka swarm cells → form new Plasmodium

Front 4

Characteristics of Phylum Acrasiomycota

Back 4

Cellular Slime Mold: look/behave like amoebas: Myxamoeba

undesired circumstances prompt cells to release cAMP (cyclicAdenosineMonoPhosphate) → aggregate into slug-like mass → migrates upward towards sunlight → differentiate into fruiting/spore-forming body called sorocarp → sporangium releases spores / amoebas encrusted within cellulose spore walls

Front 5

Characterisitics of Phylum Oomycota

Back 5

Water Mold: filamentous; mycelium (filaments of cells)

Asexual Reproduction: Hyphae (2n)→ zoosporangium has zoospores with 2 flagella (tinsel directed backward and whiplash directed forward); have cellulose walls

Sexual Reproduction: meiosis → Gametangia (oogonium w/ eggs + antheridium w/ sperm) → resistant oospore

Hint 5

Real World Application

-water mold caused serious potato blight → great migration

-water mold causes downy mildew → disease to susceptible European grapes

-water mold causes damping-off → seedlings fail to emerge or are stunted

Front 6

six phyla of Algal Protists

Back 6

1) Bacillariophyta (Chrysophyta) - golden algae
2) Dinozoa (Pyrrhophyta) - dinoflagellates
3) Euglenida (Euglenophyta)
4) Chlorophyta - green algae
5) Rhodophyta - red algae
6) Phaeophyta - brown algae

Hint 6

Photosynthetic

O2 + H2O → sugar + H2O

→ =light=pigments

Front 7

Characteristics of Phylum Bacillariophyta (Chrysophyta)

Back 7

Golden Algae and Diatoms

Golden Algae
-freshwater or marine
-unicellular or colonial
-most with flagella
-asexual
-use chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids (including fucoxanthin) amd xanthophyll accessory pigments
-may have silica or CaCO3

Diatoms
-mostly marine
-unicellular plankton
-SiO2 cell walls (glass)
-use chlorphylls a & c, carotenoids
-double shells of silica resemble box with lid
-pennate(bilateral) or centrate(radial) shape
-diploid
-mostly asexual: separates shell halves and each half produces new shell within old one
-meiosis & gamete formation triggered by decrease in size
-fossilize well - thick sediments of dead/fossil diatoms called diatomaceous earth
-some move by secretions

Front 8

Characteristics of Phylum Dinozoa (Pyrrhophyta)

Back 8

Dinoflagellates

-marine plankton; mostly marine
-unicellular
-2 flagella (horizontal and perpendicular)
-mostly asexual
-uses chlorophyll a & c and carotenoids (including fucoxanthin)
-cellulose cell walls
-some bio-luminescent
-usual storage products are starch and oils

Hint 8

zooxanthellae: "naked" without a shell;symbionts that live in corals; mutualism; provides host with energy(sugar) in exchange for protection, shelter, nutrients, carbon dioxide

-red tides: when they reproduce greatly/bloom in summer water appears gold or red

Front 9

Characteristics of Phylum Euglenida (Euglenophyta)

Back 9

-mostly freshwater
-flagella (2 w/ same base, one very small)
-only asexual: nuclear mitosis & cell division
-pigments used: chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids
-photosynthetic OR heterotrophic
-cyst: resistant stage
-pellicle within cell membran composed of interlocking strips of protein
-contractile vacuoles pump water

Hint 9

has same pigments as Chlorophyta and terrestiral plants

Front 10

Characteristics of Phylum Chlorophyta

Back 10

Green ALGAE

-mostly freshwater and microscopic
-unicellular or multicellular
-chlorophyll a & b, carotenoids, xanthophylls
-cellulose cell walls
-starch stored in pyrenoid
1)Chlamydomonas (unicellular, biflagellated)
2)Chlorella
3)Volvox (motile; colonial; specialized reproductive cells→new colonies within parent colony→zygotic meiosis, zygospored form within parent colony
4)Spirogyra (filamentou, spiral cholorplasts; sex though conjugation of + & - strains
5)Ulva (multicellular sheets; sporic meiosis)

Hint 10

has same pigments as Euglenida and terrestiral plants (was ancestors of all plants)

Front 11

Characteristics of Phylum Rodophyta (Red Algae)

Back 11

-marine
-multicellular
-chlorophyll a & phycobilins (phycocyanin, phycoerythrin)
-cellulose cell walls and CaCO3 in coralline walls
-held in place by holdfast
-no flagellated or ciliated stages
-storage = starch

Hint 11

-agar and carrageenan harvested from mucilage
-edible (Nori)

Front 12

Characterisitics of Phylum Phaeophyta (Brown Algae)

Back 12

-marine
-large
-kelps with blade stipe and holdfast
-chlorophyll a & c, carotenoids (including fucoxanthin)
-storage = laminarin, mannitol & oil; motile stages with 2 flagella (tinself & whiplash)
-alternation of generations life cycle
-source of Na+

Hint 12

-source of Na+, K+, I2 and algin (gel)

Front 13

six phylums of Protozoan Protists (heterotrophs)

Back 13

1. Rhizopoda
2. Actinopoda
3. Foraminifera
4. Sarcomastigophora
5. Ciliophora
6. Apicomplexa

Front 14

Characteristics of Phylum Rhizopoda (amoebas)

Back 14

-lack cell walls, flagella, meiosis, and sexual reproduction
-move with projections of cytoplasm: Pseudopodia
-some form cysts (amoebic dysentary)
-some with shells (Difflugia)

Front 15

Characteristics of Phylum Actinopoda (radiolarians)

Back 15

-amoeba-like marine plankton
-SiO2 shells (tests)
-needle-like pseudopods (axopods)

-Heliozoans: freshwater plankton which may also have a silicon test

Front 16

Characteristics of Phylum Foraminifera (forams) Protozoan

Back 16

-shells (tests) of organic matter + CaCO3, sand, spicules, shell bits
-podia

Hint 16

limestone

Front 17

Phylum Sarcomastigophora (zooflagellates)

Back 17

-move with flagella
-free-living & parasitic
-mostly asexual
-pellicle
-choanoflagellates

Hint 17

-Giardia form cysts
-Trypanasoma cause sleeping sickness and Chagas disease
-Trichonymphs are symbionts within termites

Front 18

Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)

Back 18

-move with cilia
-pellicle
-micronucleus & macronucleus
-freshwater
-transverse fission
-conjugation
-food vacuoles
-contractile vacuoles for water balance
-cytoproct: exocytosis of waste

Front 19

Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoans)

Back 19

-non-motile
-spore-forming
-animal parasites

1. Plasmodium vivax - malaria: sexual reproduction within mosquito, forming zygote which changes to oocyst, which undergoes meiosis to form spores

2. Toxoplasma gondii - toxoplasmosis: sexual reproduction within cats; fecal-oral infection; transplacental transmission

3. Cryptosporidium - water-borne, fecal-oral infections; can be fatal to AIDS patient