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300 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Process performed by plants which uses light energy from the sun to power a chemical process and make organic molecules.
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Photosynthesis
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organisms that make their own organic matter from inorganic nutrients; self-feeders
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autotrophs
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include humans and other animals that cannot make organic molecules from inorganic ones; other-feeders
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Heterotrophs
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How are Autotrophs considered consumers?
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because ecosystems depend upon them for food.
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How are Heterotrophs consumers?
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because they eat plants or other animals.
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What are the ingredients for photosynthesis?
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carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
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How does a plant obtain CO2?
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from the air by a plant’s leaves.
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How does a plant obtain H2O?
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from the damp soil by a plant’s roots.
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a chemical process that primarily occurs in mitochondria,
harvests energy stored in organic molecules, uses oxygen, and generates ATP; performed by plant and animal cells |
cellular respiration
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what does it mean to be an aerobic process?
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it requires oxygen
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how are Cellular respiration and breathing are closely related?
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both exchange the same gases with their surroundings
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What is a common fuel for cellular respiration?
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glucose
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What is the largest amount of ATP molecules that can be produced for each glucose molecule consumed?
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32
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Chemical reactions that transfer electrons from one substance to another
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oxidation-reduction reactions or redox reactions for short.
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The loss of electrons during a redox reaction
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oxidation
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The acceptance of electrons during a redox reaction
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reduction
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During cellular respiration _______ is ________ and ______ is _______.
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glucose is oxidized; oxygen is reduced.
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a controlled fall of electrons and a stepwise cascade much like going down a staircase.
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Cellular respiration
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The rest of the path of Cellular respiration The rest of the path consists of a(n) ________ ________ ________, which involves a series of redox reactions and ultimately leads to the production of large amounts of ATP.
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electron transport chain
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a series of chemical reactions in cells; ex: Cellular Respiration
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metabolic pathway
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All of the reactions involved in cellular respiration can be grouped into what three main stages?
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1. glycolysis,
2. the citric acid cycle, and 3. electron transport. |
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_____ _____releases the energy your cells need to make the most of their ATP.
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Electron transport
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Stage of Cellular Respiration in which a six-carbon glucose molecule is split in half to form two molecules of pyruvic acid. These two molecules then donate high energy electrons to NAD+, forming NADH
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Glycolysis
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Stage of Cellular Respiration in which pyruvic acid from glycolysis is first “groomed” and each pyruvic acid loses a carbon as CO2.
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The Citric Acid Cycle
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Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain built into?
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into the inner membranes of mitochondria.
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What does the Electron transport use the pumped hydrogen ions for?
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to store potential energy
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ANAEROBIC HARVEST OF FOOD ENERGY
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FERMENTATION
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without oxygen
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anaerobic
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Where does fermentation occur in humans?
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Muscle Cells
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When do muscle cells begin to generate ATP by the process of fermentation?
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After functioning anaerobically for about 15 seconds
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does not require oxygen and produces two ATP molecules for each glucose broken down to pyruvic acid.
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Glycolysis
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microscopic fungus that uses a different type of fermentation and produces CO2 and ethyl alcohol instead of lactic acid.
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Yeast
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type of fermentation used by yeast to produce beer, wine, and breads.
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alcoholic fermentation
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process used by plants, algae (protists), and some bacteria,
transforms light energy into chemical energy, and uses carbon dioxide and water as starting materials. |
Photosynthesis
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the site of photosynthesis and found mostly in the interior cells of leaves.
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Chloroplasts
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interconnected membranous sacs Inside chloroplasts, suspended in stroma
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thylakoids
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Thylakoids concentrated in stacks
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grana
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a light-absorbing pigment that plays a central role in converting solar energy to chemical energy; where the green color of chloroplasts comes from
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chlorophyll
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tiny pores in leaves where carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits.
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Stomata
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During photosynthesis, water is split into _______ and ______
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hydrogen and oxygen.
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How is sugar produced during photosynthesis?
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Hydrogen is transferred along with electrons and added to carbon dioxide
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______ escapes through stomata into the atmosphere.
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Oxygen
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Photosynthesis occurs in what two multistep stages?
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the light reactions convert solar energy to chemical energy
and the Calvin cycle uses the products of the light reactions to make sugar from carbon dioxide. |
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The initial incorporation of carbon from the atmosphere into organic compounds
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carbon fixation
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reduces the ability of the biosphere to absorb carbon by reducing the amount of photosynthetic plant life.
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Deforestation
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chemical factories powered by the sun and convert sunlight into chemical energy.
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Chloroplasts
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what type of energy is sunlight?
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radiation
aka electromagnetic energy. |
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The distance between the crests of two adjacent waves
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wavelength
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The full range of radiation
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electromagnetic spectrum
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type of chlorophyll that absorbs mainly blue-violet and red light and participates directly in the light reactions.
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Chlorophyll A
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type of chlorophyll that absorbs mainly blue and orange light and participates indirectly in the light reactions.
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Chlorophyll B
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absorb mainly blue-green light, participate indirectly in the light reactions, and absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that might damage chlorophyll.
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Carotenoids
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The spectacular colors of fall foliage are due partly to what?
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the yellow-orange light reflected from carotenoids.
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a fixed quantity of light energy
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photons
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What happens after Chlorophyll molecules absorb photons?
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Electrons in the pigment gain energy.
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What happens As the electrons fall back to their ground state after Photosystems Harvest Light Energy?
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energy is released as heat or light
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where are chlorophyll molecules organized with other molecules into photosystems?
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In the thylakoid membrane
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a cluster of a few hundred pigment molecules that function as a light-gathering antenna.
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photosystem
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molecule which traps the light-excited electron from chlorophyll A.
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primary electron acceptor
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What does the reaction center of the photosystem consist of?
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chlorophyll a molecules that sit next to a primary electron acceptor
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what happens to the energy trapped a by primary electron acceptor?
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Another team of molecules built into the thylakoid membrane then uses that trapped energy to make ATP and NADPH.
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Where are the light reactions located?
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the thylakoid membrane
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connects the two photosystems and releases energy that the chloroplast uses to make ATP
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An electron transport chain
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functions like a sugar factory within a chloroplast and regenerates the starting material with each turn.
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The Calvin cycle
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In short, what does the Calvin Cycle do?
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Makes sugar from Carbon Dioxide
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plants that use CO2 directly from the air and are very common and widely distributed.
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C3 plants
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plants that close their stomata to save water during hot and dry weather and can still carry out photosynthesis.
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C4 plants
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plants that are adapted to very dry climates and open their stomata only at night to conserve water.
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CAM plants
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what happens When a cell undergoes reproduction/cell division?
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two “daughter” cells are produced that are genetically identical to each other and to the “parent” cell.
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the structures that contain most of the cell’s DNA.
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chromosomes
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What must happen Before a parent cell splits into two?
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it duplicates its chromosomes
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What happens to each daughter cell during cell division?
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each daughter cell receives one identical set of chromosomes from the lone, original parent cell.
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replaces damaged or lost cells, permits growth, and allows for reproduction.
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Cell division
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When single-celled organisms reproduce by simple cell division and there is no fertilization of an egg by a sperm.
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asexual reproduction
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Growing a new plant from a clipping is another example of _______ ____________
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asexual reproduction
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reproduction where the lone parent and its offspring have identical genes.
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asexual reproduction
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is the type of cell division responsible for asexual reproduction and growth and maintenance of multicellular organisms.
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Mitosis
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special type of cell division used in Sexual reproduction which requires fertilization of an egg by a sperm
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meiosis
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Thus, sexually reproducing organisms use _______ for reproduction and _______ for growth and maintenance
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meiosis; mitosis
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Where are most genes found in eukaryotic cells?
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on chromosomes in the cell nucleus
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___________ are made of chromatin, fibers composed of roughly equal amounts of DNA and protein molecules and not visible in a cell until cell division occurs.
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Chromosomes
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How is DNA packed in a cell?
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into an elaborate, multilevel system of coiling and folding.
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proteins used to package DNA in eukaryotes
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Histones
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consist of DNA wound around histone molecules
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Nucleosomes
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Two sister chromatids are joined together tightly at a narrow “waist” called the ______.
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centromere
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Before a cell divides, it duplicates all of its chromosomes, resulting in two copies called ______ __________ containing identical genes.
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sister chromatids
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the ordered sequence of events that extend from the time a cell is first formed from a dividing parent cell to its own division into two cells.
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A cell cycle
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The cell cycle consists of what two distinct phases?
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interphase and the mitotic phase
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90% of a cell cycle is spent in what phase?
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interphase
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During what phase does a cell performs its normal functions, doubles everything in its cytoplasm, and grows in size?
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Interphase
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1st process of The mitotic (M) phase in which the nucleus and its contents divide evenly into two daughter nuclei.
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mitosis
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2nd process of The mitotic (M) phase in which the cytoplasm is divided in two.
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cytokinesis
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a football-shaped structure of microtubules that guides the separation of two sets of daughter chromosomes during mitosis.
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the mitotic spindle
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structures that grow from structures within the cytoplasm called centrosomes.
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Spindle microtubules
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Cytokinesis usually begins during ______ and divides the cytoplasm
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telophase
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Is Cytokinesis the same in plant and animal cells?
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No.
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In animal cells, cytokinesis is known as ______
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Cleavage
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In animal cells, cytokinesis begins with the appearance of a ________ ______ , an indentation at the equator of the cell.
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cleavage furrow
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In plant cells, cytokinesis begins when vesicles containing cell wall material collect at the middle of the cell and then fuse, forming a membranous disk called the ____ ______
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cell plate
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a disease of the cell cycle
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cancer
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cells that do not respond normally to the cell cycle control system
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cancer cells
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abnormally growing masses of body cells formed by cancer cells
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tumors
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abnormal cells that remain at the original site
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benign tumor
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The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site of origin
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metastasis
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__________ ______spread to other parts of the body and interrupt normal body functions
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Malignant tumors
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A person with a _________ _____ is said to have cancer
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malignant tumor
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the use of drugs to disrupt cell division as a treatment to cancer
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chemotherapy
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treatment for cancer which damages DNA and disrupts cell division
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radiation therapy
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______ ____________depends on meiosis and fertilization and produces offspring that contain a unique combination of genes from the parents
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Sexual reproduction
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a typical human body cell that has 46 chromosomes; a non-sex cell
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somatic cell
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an image that reveals an orderly arrangement of chromosomes
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karyotype
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matching pairs of chromosomes that can possess different versions of the same genes.
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Homologous chromosomes
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how many pairs of matching chromosomes?
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22
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name for the 22 pairs of matching chromosomes in humans
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autosomes
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what are the two different chromosomes humans have?
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X and Y
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organisms with body cells containing two sets of chromosomes
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diploid
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human cells that have only one member of each homologous pair of chromosomes.
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haploid gametes
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In humans, a haploid sperm fuses with a haploid egg during fertilization to form a _______ ______.
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diploid zygote
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process where haploid daughter cells are produced in diploid organisms
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meiosis
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when does crossing over occur?
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after two consecutive divisions known as meiosis I and meiosis II which follows interphase
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In mitosis and meiosis, what happens to the chromosomes, during the preceding interphase?
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the chromosomes duplicate only once
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_______ uses one division and produces two
diploid cells. |
Mitosis
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_______ uses two divisions and produces four haploid cells
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Meiosis
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All the events unique to meiosis occur during _______ ___
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meiosis I
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can we tell the orientation of of each homologous pair during metaphase I of meiosis?
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No, the side-by-side orientation of each homologous pair of chromosomes is a matter of chance.
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Every chromosome pair orients independently of
all of the others at _________ ___ |
metaphase I
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For any species, the total number of chromosome combinations that can appear in the gametes due to independent assortment is...
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2n, where n is the haploid number.
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A human egg cell is fertilized randomly by one sperm, leading to _______
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genetic variety in the zygote
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how many different chromosome combo's are possible in humans?
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over 70 trillion
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when nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange corresponding segments
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Crossing Over
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the production of gene combinations different from those carried by parental chromosomes
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genetic recombination
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when the members of a chromosome pair fail to separate at anaphase, producing gametes with an incorrect number of chromosomes
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nondisjunction
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when can nondisjunction occur?
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during meiosis I or II
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If nondisjunction occurs, and a normal sperm fertilizes an egg with an extra chromosome, what is the result?
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a zygote with a total of 2n + 1 chromosomes.
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What happens if If the organism survives nondisjunction?
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it will have an abnormal karyotype and probably a syndrome of disorders caused by the abnormal number of genes.
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A condition in which an individual has an extra chromosome 21, and affects about one out of every 700 children; also called trisomy 21
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Down syndrome
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How is asexual reproduction an evolutionary advantage?
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1. when plants are sparsely distributed and unlikely to be able to exchange pollen or superbly suited to a stable environment.
2. it eliminates the need to expend energy forming gametes and copulating with a partner |
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How may sexual reproduction convey an evolutionary advantage?
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1. by speeding adaptation to a changing environment
2. allowing a population to more easily rid itself of harmful genes |
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the transmission of traits from one generation to the next.
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Heredity
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the scientific study of heredity
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Genetics
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was the first person to analyze patterns of inheritance, and
deduced the fundamental principles of genetics |
Gregor Mendel
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a cross between purebred parent plants that differ in only one character.
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monohybrid cross
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The alternative versions of genes
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alleles
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For each inherited character, an organism inherits _______
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two alleles, one from each parent
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An organism is ______ for that gene if both alleles are identical
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homozygous
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An organism is ______ for that gene if the alleles are different
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heterozygous
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If two alleles of an inherited pair differ, then one determines the organism’s appearance and is called the ______ and the other has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance and is called the ______.
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dominant allele; recessive allele
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How many alleles do gametes carry for each inherited character?
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one
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The two alleles for a character segregate (separate) from each other during the production of gametes. What is this called?
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the law of segregation
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highlights the four possible combinations of gametes and the four possible offspring in the F2 generation
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A Punnet square
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______ distinguish between an organism’s physical appearance and its genetic makeup.
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Geneticists
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An organism’s physical appearance
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phenotype
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An organism’s genetic makeup
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genotype
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a specific location of a gene along a chromosome
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gene locus
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_________ __________have alleles (alternate versions) of a gene at the same locus.
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Homologous chromosomes
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the mating of parental varieties differing in two characters
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dihybrid cross
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What two hypotheses would result from a dihybrid cross?
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1. dependent assortment
2. independent assortment |
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Mendel’s dihybrid cross supported the hypothesis that each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs during gamete formation. Thus, the inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another. What is this law called?
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Mendel’s law of independent assortment.
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a mating between an individual of dominant phenotype (but unknown genotype) and a homozygous recessive individual
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testcross
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___ ____ __ ______________states that the probability of a compound event is the product of the separate probabilities of the independent events.
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The rule of multiplication
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traits that are those seen most often in nature and not necessarily specified by dominant alleles
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Wild-type traits
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traits are not necessarily normal or more common
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Dominant traits
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shows the history of a trait in a family and allows geneticists to analyze human traits
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A family pedigree
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Most human genetic disorders are _________. Individuals who have the recessive allele but appear normal are carriers of the disorder.
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recessive
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the most common lethal genetic disease in the United States and caused by a recessive allele carried by about one in 31 Americans
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Cystic fibrosis
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the mating of close relatives caused by Prolonged geographic isolation of certain populations
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inbreeding
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__________ increases the chance of offspring that are homozygous for a harmful recessive trait.
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Inbreeding
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a form of dwarfism only possessed by heterozygotes
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Achondroplasia
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The homozygous dominant genotype causes ______ __ _______
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death of the embryo
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disease which leads to degeneration of the nervous system and does not usually begin until middle age.
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Huntington’s disease
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When are most genetic tests performed?
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during pregnancy
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collects cells from amniotic fluid
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Amniocentesis
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removes cells from placental tissue
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Chorionic villus sampling
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When F1 hybrids have an appearance between the phenotypes of the two parents.
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incomplete dominance
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groups in humans that are an example of multiple alleles
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ABO Blood Groups
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produces blood proteins called antibodies that bind specifically to foreign carbohydrates.
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immune system
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What happens if a donor’s blood cells have a carbohydrate (A or B) that is foreign to the recipient?
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the blood cells may clump together, potentially killing the recipient
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The human blood type alleles IA and IB are __________, meaning that both alleles are expressed in heterozygous individuals who have type AB blood.
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codominant
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when one gene influences several characters
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Pleiotropy
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disease that exhibits pleiotropy, and results in abnormal hemoglobin proteins, and causes disk-shaped red blood cells to deform into a sickle shape with jagged edges
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Sickle-cell disease
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the additive effects of two or more genes on a single phenotype.
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Polygenic inheritance
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Many human characters result from a combination of ______ and ______. Only genetic influences are inherited.
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heredity and environment
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states that genes are located at specific positions (loci) on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis and fertilization accounts for inheritance patterns.
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The chromosome theory of inheritance
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specific locations on chromosomes where genes are located
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Loci
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It is ___________that undergo segregation and independent assortment during meiosis and account for Mendel’s laws
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chromosomes
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genes that are located close together on a chromosome and tend to be inherited together
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Linked Genes
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person that used the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and determined that some genes were linked based on the inheritance patterns of their traits.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan
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a student of Morgan that developed a method for mapping the relative gene locations, which resulted in the creation of linkage maps
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Alfred H. Sturtevant
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humans (most mammals) that have a pair of sex chromosomes designated _ _ are male or _ _ are female
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XY, XX
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Any gene located on a sex chromosome
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sex-linked gene
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Most sex-linked genes are found on the ___ __________
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X chromosome
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a common human sex-linked disorder caused by a malfunction of light-sensitive cells in the eyes
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Red-green colorblindness
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a sex-linked recessive blood-clotting trait that may result in excessive bleeding and death after relatively minor cuts and bruises; has plagued the royal families of Europe
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Hemophilia
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known to be a chemical in cells by the end of the nineteenth century, has the capacity to store genetic information, and can be copied and passed from generation to generation.
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DNA
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nucleic acids that consist of chemical units called nucleotides
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DNA, RNA
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A nucleotide polymer
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polynucleotide
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Nucleotides are joined by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, forming a _____ __________ ________
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sugar-phosphate backbone
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who determined that DNA is a double helix?
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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How did Watson and Crick learn that DNA was a double Helix?
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Watson and Crick used X-ray crystallography data to reveal the shape of DNA.
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Who produced the X-ray image of DNA?
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Rosalind Franklin
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How do DNA bases pair?
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adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and
cytosine (C) pairs with guanine (G) |
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What must happen When a cell reproduces?
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a complete copy of the DNA must pass to the next generation
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What did Watson and Crick's model for DNA suggest?
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DNA replicates by a template mechanism.
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What are two ways DNA can be damaged?
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by X-rays and ultraviolet light.
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are enzymes that make the covalent bonds between the nucleotides of a new DNA strand, and are involved in repairing damaged DNA
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DNA polymerases
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What does DNA replication ensure?
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that all the body cells carry the same genetic information.
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How does DNA replication begin in Eukaryotes?
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it begins at specific sites on a double helix and proceeds in both directions
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An organism’s genetic makeup; the sequence of nucleotide bases in DNA.
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genotype
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an organism’s physical traits, which arise from the actions of a wide variety of proteins.
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phenotype
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DNA specifies the synthesis of proteins in what two stages?
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1. Transcription
2. Translation |
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the transfer of genetic information from DNA into an RNA molecule; 1st stage of DNA protein synthesis
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transcription
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the transfer of information from RNA into a protein; 2nd stage of DNA protein synthesis
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translation
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What happens to Genetic info in DNA?
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it's transcribed into RNA, then translated into polypeptides, which then fold into proteins
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a triplet of bases, which codes for one amino acid
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codon
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Experiments have verified that the flow of information from gene to protein is based on a _______ ____
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triplet code
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set of rules that convert a nucleotide sequence in RNA to an amino acid sequence.
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genetic code
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Of the 64 triplets, _ _ code for amino acids and _ are stop codons, instructing the ribosomes to end the polypeptide
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61; 3
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how many triplets in a genetic code?
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64
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instruct the ribosomes to end the polypeptide
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stop codons
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process which makes RNA from a DNA template, uses a process that resembles the synthesis of a DNA strand during DNA replication, and substitutes uracil (U) for thymine (T)
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Transcription
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What is substituted in place of Thymine in Transcription of RNA?
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Uracil
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RNA nucleotides are linked by ___ __________, a transcription enzyme
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RNA polymerase
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The "start transcribing signal" located in the DNA ; a nucleotide sequence
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promoter
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where is the promoter located in the DNA?
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at the beginning of the gene and a specific place where RNA polymerase attaches
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The first phase of transcription, in which RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter and RNA synthesis begins
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initiation
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the second phase of transcription; When the RNA grows longer and the RNA strand peels away from its DNA template
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Elongation
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a special sequence of bases in the DNA template which signals the end of the gene when reached by RNA Polymerase
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terminator
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the third phase of transcription; RNA polymerase reaches a terminator, signaling the end of the gene. polymerase then detaches from the RNA and the gene, and the DNA strands rejoin.
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termination
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In the cells of prokaryotes, RNA transcribed from a gene immediately functions as __________, the molecule that is translated into protein.
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messenger RNA (mRNA)
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noncoding regions of the RNA removed during RNA processing
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introns
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What is the 1st stage of RNA processing in eukaryotes?
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adding a cap and tail of extra nucleotides at the ends of the RNA transcript
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What is the 2nd stage of RNA processing in eukaryotes?
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removing introns
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the parts of the gene that are expressed
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exons
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process of joining exons together to form (mRNA).
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RNA Splicing
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What is the 3rd stage of RNA processing in eukaryotes?
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RNA splicing
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process believed to play a significant role in humans in allowing our approximately 21,000 genes to produce many thousands more polypeptides and by varying the exons that are included in the final mRNA
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RNA splicing
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the conversion from the nucleic acid language to the protein language
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Translation
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What does Translation require?
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mRNA, ATP, enzymes, ribosomes, and transfer RNA (tRNA)
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RNA that acts as a molecular interpreter,carries amino acids, and matches amino acids with codons in mRNA using anticodons.
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)
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a special triplet of bases that is complementary to a codon triplet on mRNA
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anticodons
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organelles that coordinate the functions of mRNA and tRNA and are made of two subunits
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Ribosomes
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What is each subunit of Ribosomes made of?
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Each subunit is made up of proteins and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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A fully assembled ribosome holds ____ and ____ for use in translation.
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tRNA, mRNA
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What are the three phases of translation, in order?
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initiation
elongation termination |
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In a cell, genetic information flows from
___ to ___ in the nucleus and ___ to _______ in the cytoplasm |
DNA; RNA
RNA; protein |
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When does Elongation stop?
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when a stop codon reaches the ribosome’s A site, the completed polypeptide is freed, and the ribosome splits back into its subunits
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Shape a polypeptide is coiled and folded into as it is made; a 3D shape.
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tertiary structure
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how genes control the structures and activities of cells. (2 processes)
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Transcription and translation
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any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
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mutation
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_________ can change the amino acids in a protein; can involve large regions of a chromosome or just a single nucleotide pair as in sickle cell disease.
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Mutations
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Mutations within a gene can be divided into what two general categories?
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nucleotide substitutions
and nucleotide deletions or insertions |
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category of mutations that occurs when the replacement of one base by another happens
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nucleotide substitutions
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Category of mutations where the loss or addition of a nucleotide occurs; changes the reading fram of the genetic message and leads to disastrous effects.
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nucleotide deletions or insertions
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errors in DNA replication or recombination or physical or chemical agents that result in mutations
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mutagens
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_______ possess genetic material in the form of nucleic acids wrapped in a protein coat, are not cellular, and cannot reproduce on their own
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viruses
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viruses that attack bacteria and consist of a molecule of DNA, enclosed within an elaborate structure made of proteins.
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Bacteriophages
aka Phages |
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What are the two reproductive cycles of Phages?
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the lytic cycle
and the lysogenic cycle |
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A reproductive cycle of Phages in which many copies of the phage are produced within the bacterial cell, and then the bacterium lyses (breaks open).
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lytic cycle
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Reproductive cycle of Phages in which the phage DNA inserts into the bacterial chromosome and the bacterium reproduces normally, copying the phage at each cell division
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lysogenic cycle
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Describe viruses of animal cells
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they have an outer envelope made of phospholipid membrane, with projecting spikes of protein.
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The reproductive cycle of an enveloped RNA virus can be broken into how many steps?
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7
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The AIDS virus
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HIV
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an RNA virus that reproduces by means of a DNA molecule; HIV
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Retovirus
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the process of synthesizing DNA on an RNA template
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transcription
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The enzyme reverse used by Retroviruses to catalyze reverse transcription
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transcriptase
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What are the two classes of pathogens?
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Viroids
and Prions |
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small, circular RNA molecules that infect plants
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Viroids
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misfolded proteins that somehow convert normal proteins to the misfolded prion version, leading to disease
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Prions
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diseases which Prions are responsible for; includes mad cow disease, scrapie, chronic wasting diseases, and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans.
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neurodegenerative diseases
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What are the products of photosynthesis?
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6O2 (0xygen) and C6 + H12 + O6 (Glucose/Sugar)
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What is the equation for Glucose?
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C6 + H12 + O6
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What are the inputs of Photosynthesis?
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6CO2 (Carbon Dioxide), and 6H2O (Water)
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Where does the light reaction take place during photosynthesis?
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In the thylakoid which is inside of the Grana
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What is another name for the Calvin Cycle?
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The Dark Cycle
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What happens to a wave as it gets longer?
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it loses energy
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What is the job of NADHP during photosynthesis?
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to carry electrons into the Calvin Cycle
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What does 'CAM' stand for?
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Crustellation Acid Metabolism
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Give an example of a C3 plant
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Grass
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What should you think of when you see a chromosome?
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a complex ball of yarn
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The study of cancer
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Oncology
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how is cancer transferred?
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Through blood vessels
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What important event occurs during prophase I?
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the tips of each chromosme switch
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How many sister chromatids are there for every one chromosome?
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2
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When does independent assortment happen?
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Metaphase I
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When does crossing over occur?
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In Prophase I
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different options for one trait; versions
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Alleles
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variant of a character
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trait
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heritable feature that varies
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character
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offspring of two parents
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hybrid
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F2 Generation
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your grandkids
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F1 Generation
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your kids
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P generation
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you
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if an organism has alleles that are both dominant
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homozygous dominant
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if an organism has alleles that are both recessive
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homozygous recessive
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What does Mendel's law of independent assortment say about characters?
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they don't affect each other
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what does it mean when an organism has a mixed color of skin? what generation will this be prevalent in?
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incomplete dominance; F1
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Why are men more likely to become bald or colorblind?
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the X chromosomes counter each other's influence
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Name the 3 stop codons
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UAA, UAG, UGA
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What codon tells the ribosome to start the polypeptide?
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AUG
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What organisms are Prions found in?
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Animals
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