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143 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The study of joints…
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Arthrology
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The study of musculoskeletal movements…
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Kinesiology
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A freely movable joint
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Diarthrosis
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A slightly moveable joint
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Amphiarthrosis
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A joint with little or no movement
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Synarthrosis
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Acetylcholine
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Acetylcholine refers to a type of neurotransmitter, which is a biochemical secreted at the axon ends of many neurons. It transmits nerve impulses across synapses.
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The fibrous attachment of a tooth to is socket allowing a little movement
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Gomphoses
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Acetylcholinesterase
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An enzyme that catalyzes breakdown of acetylcholine is acetylcholinesterase.
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A highly moveable, fibrous joint in which an articulation is bound only by an interosseous membrane a type of ligament such as with the radius and ulna
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Syndesmoses
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Bones that are joined by hyaline cartilage
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Synchondroses
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Actin
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A protein in a muscle fiber that, together with myosin, is responsible for contraction and relaxation is actin.
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The fixed or nearly fixed articulation joined by fibrocartilage
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Sympheses
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Actin myofilament
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Thin myofilament within the sarcomere is called actin myofilament.
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Two bones that were once separate are now fused by osseous tissue
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Synostoses
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Action potential
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The sequence of electrical changes occurring when a nerve cell membrane is exposed to a stimulus that exceeds its threshold is called action potential.
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A freely movable joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity
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Synovial Joint
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Action potentials
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Action potentials refer to neural impulses
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A fibrous capsule lined by a synovial membrane that is continuous with the periosteum
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Articular Capsule
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Active transport
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Process that requires an expenditure of energy to move a substance across a cell membrane is referred to as active transport.
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A viscous, slippery fluid rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid
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Synovial Fluid
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a tough band of fibrous connective tissue that usually connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding extreme tension
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Tendon
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Adipose tissue
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Fat-storing tissue is called adipose tissue.
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fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones
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Ligament
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fluid filled sac located between a bone and tendon
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Bursa
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Aerobic
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Producing energy for physical activity with oxygen is referred to as aerobic.
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Elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon
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Tendon Sheath
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Places in the human skeleton where the ends of bones meet and rotate monaxially (in a single plane)
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Hinge Joint
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Decreasing the angle of a joint
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Flexion
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Aerobic respiration
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Phase of cellular respiration that requires oxygen is aerobic respiration.
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Straightening a joint and returning the body part to the anatomical position
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Extension
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Extension of a joint beyond 180o
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Hyperextension
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Movement of a part away from the midsagittal line
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Abduction
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Movement towards the midsagittal line
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Adduction
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Tissue that covers the whole muscle belly, and blends into connective tissue that separates muscles
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Epimysium
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Anaerobic respiration
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Phase of cellular respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen is anaerobic respiration.
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A slightly thicker layer of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of cells called a fasicle
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Perimysium
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Anaerobic threshold
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The point at which muscle metabolism converts to anaerobic glycolysis is referred to as the anaerobic threshold.
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A thin layer of areolar tissue surrounding each cell allowing room for capillaries and nerve fibers
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Endoymsium
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Anatomy
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Branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts is referred to as anatomy.
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a bundle of skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
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Fasicle
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found between adjacent muscles
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Deep Fascia
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found between skin and muscles containing adipose tissue
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Superficial Dascia
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Aponeurosis
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A sheet of connective tissue by which certain muscles are attached to adjacent muscles is an aponeurosis.
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Atherosclerosis
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Atherosclerosis refers to a condition in which fatty substances accumulate on the inner linings of arteries.
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ATP
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Adenosine triphosphate, the biological energy molecule is called ATP.
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Atpase
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Atpase refers to an enzyme that causes ATP molecules to release the energy stored in the terminal phosphate bonds.
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Attachment
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Attachment refers to the enduring affectional tie that binds one person to another.
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Autoimmune disease
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Any disease in which antibodies fail to distinguish between foreign and self-antigens and attack the bodies own tissues is called an autoimmune disease.
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Autonomic nervous system
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A portion of the nervous system that controls the actions of the viscera is called the autonomic nervous system.
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Biceps
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Two-headed, especially applied to certain muscles is referred to as biceps.
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Calmodulin
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An intracellular protein that binds calcium ions and mediates many of the second-messenger effects of calcium is called calmodulin.
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Calsequestrin
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Calsequestrin refers to a protein found in smooth endoplasmic reticulum that reversibly binds and stores calcium ions, rendering calcium chemically unreactive until needed for such processes as muscle contraction.
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Cardiac muscle
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Specialized type of muscle tissue found only in the heart is the cardiac muscle.
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Cisternae
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Enlarged portions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum near the actin and myosin filaments of a muscle fiber are called the cisternae.
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Contractility
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Muscle cell's ability to move by shortening is called contractility.
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Contraction
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Contraction refers to shorten or develop tension, an ability highly developed in muscle cells.
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Contraction phase
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One of the three phases of muscle contraction is referred to as the contraction phase.
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Creatine
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Creatine refers to a nutritional supplement, this compound is synthesized in the body from amino acids or extracted from fish and meat
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Creatine phosphate
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A muscle biochemical that stores energy is referred to as creatine phosphate.
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Elasticity
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The tendency of a stretched structure to return to its original dimensions when tension is released is elasticity.
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Elevation
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Elevation refers to upward movement of a part of the body.
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Endomysium
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The sheath of connective tissue surrounding each skeletal muscle fiber is called endomysium.
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Epimysium
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The outer sheath of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is called epimysium.
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Excitability
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The ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus, especially the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce membrane voltage changes in response to stimuli is excitability.
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Extension
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Movement increasing the angle between parts at a joint is referred to as extension.
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Fascia
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Fascia refers to a sheet of fibrous connective tissue that encloses a muscle.
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Fascicle
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A bundle of muscle or nerve fibers ensheathed in connective tissue are called a fascicle.
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Fusiform
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Spindle-shaped is called fusiform.
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I band
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Area between the ends of two adjacent myosin myofilaments within a myofibril is an I band.
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Insertion
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The end of a muscle attached to a movable part is referred to as insertion.
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Intercalated discs
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Cap junctions connecting muscle cells of the myocardium are referred to as intercalated discs.
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Isometric contraction
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Isometric contraction refers to muscular contraction in which the muscle does not shorten.
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Isotonic contraction
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Muscular contraction in which the muscle shortens is an isotonic contraction.
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Kinase
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An enzyme that converts an inactive or precursor form of another enzyme to an active form by adding a phosphate group is referred to as a kinase.
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Lactic acid
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Lactic acid refers to an organic compound formed from pyruvic acid during anaerobic respiration.
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Components of Myofibrils
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Myofibrils are made up of myofilaments (of which there are 3)
1. Thick ones made of a protein called myosin 2. Thin ones made of a protein called actin 3. Elastic ones made up of titin |
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Latent period
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Time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of a response in a muscle fiber is referred to as the latent period.
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Maximal stimulus
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Stimulus resulting in a local potential just large enough to produce the maximum frequency of action potentials is referred to as maximal stimulus.
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Muscle fiber
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One muscle cell, especially of skeletal muscle is referred to as muscle fiber.
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Muscle tension
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The force exerted by a contracting muscle on some object is called muscle tension.
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Muscle tissue
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Muscle tissue is a type of tissue adapted to contract.
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Muscle tone
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The contraction of some fibers in skeletal muscle at any given time is called muscle tone.
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Muscle twitch
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Contraction of a whole muscle in response to a stimulus that causes an action potential in one or more muscle fibers is a muscle twitch.
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Myoblast
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Primitive multinucleated cell with the potential of developing into a muscle fiber is a myoblast.
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Myoblasts
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Embryonic mesoderm cells from which all muscle fiber develops are myoblasts.
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Myofibril
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Myofibril refers to contractile fibers within muscle cells.
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Myofibrils
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Myofibrils refers to a bundle of contractile fibers within a muscle cell.
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Myofilament
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A protein microfilament responsible for the contraction of a muscle cell composed mainly of myosin or actin is a myofilament.
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Myoglobin
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A pigmented compound in muscle tissue that stores oxygen is called myoglobin.
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Myogram
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A recording of a muscular contraction is referred to as a myogram.
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Myosin
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Myosin refers to a protein that, together with actin, produces muscular contraction and relaxation.
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Neuromuscular junction
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Point of contact between a nerve and muscle cell is called neuromuscular junction.
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Oxygen debt
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The amount of oxygen that must be supplied following physical exercise to convert accumulated lactic acid to glucose is called an oxygen debt.
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Pacemaker
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Mass of specialized cardiac muscle tissue that controls the rhythm of the heartbeat is referred to as a pacemaker.
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Perimysium
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Sheath of connective tissue that encloses a bundle of striated muscle fibers is referred to as perimysium.
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Peristalsis
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Rhythmic waves of muscular contraction in the walls of certain tubular organs are called peristalsis.
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Potential difference
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Difference in electrical potential, measured as the charge difference across the plasma membrane, is referred to as the potential difference.
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Potential energy
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Energy in a chemical bond that is not being exerted or used to do work is potential energy.
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Prime mover
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Muscle that is mainly responsible for a particular body movement is a prime mover.
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Reflexes
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Reflexes refers to automatic, involuntary responses to incoming stimuli.
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Refractory period
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Time period following stimulation during which a neuron or muscle fiber will not respond to a stimulus is called refractory period.
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Resting membrane potential
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The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of an undisturbed nerve cell membrane is called resting membrane potential.
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Resting potential
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The electrical potential across the neural membrane when it is not responding to other neurons is referred to as resting potential.
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Resting state
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Resting state refers to the state in which there is a negative electrical charge of about 270 millivolts within the neuron.
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Rigor mortis
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Increased rigidity of muscle after death due to cross-bridge formation between actin and myosin as calcium ions leak from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is called rigor mortis.
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Sarcolemma
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Sarcolemma refers to the cell membrane of a muscle fiber.
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Sarcomere
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The structural and functional unit of a myofibril is called a sarcomere.
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Sarcopenia
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Sarcopenia refers to age-related loss of muscle mass.
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Sarcoplasm
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The cytoplasm within a muscle fiber is called sarcoplasm.
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum refers to membranous network of channels and tubules within a muscle fiber, corresponding to the endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.
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Sliding filament theory
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Muscles contract when the thin and thick filaments move past each other, shortening the skeletal muscle cells is called the sliding filament theory.
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Smooth muscle
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Type of muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow visceral organs is referred to as the smooth muscle.
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Staircase effect
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Staircase effect refers to a gradual increase in contractile strength of a muscle in response to repeated stimuli of the same intensity.
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Strength
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Strength is the ability of a muscle to produce force, often represented by the one repetition maximum.
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Stress hormones
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Group of hormones including cortico steroids, that are involved in the body's physiological stress response is referred to as stress hormones.
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Striated muscle
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Striated muscle refers to muscles showing a striped pattern when viewed under the microscope. These stripes are due to presence and specific organization of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.
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Synthesis
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Synthesis refers to the process by which substances unite to form more complex substances.
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T tubule
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T tubule refers to a tubular extension of the plasma membrane of a muscle cell that conducts action potentials into the sarcoplasm and excites the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
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Tendon
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A cordlike or bandlike mass of white fibrous connective tissue that connects a muscle to a bone is called a tendon.
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Terminal cisterna
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Terminal cisterna refers to an enlarged end of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in the area of the T tubules.
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Tetanic contraction
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Tetanic contraction refers to a sustained shortening and/or production of tension within a muscle, no relaxation.
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Tetanus
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A state of sustained muscle contraction produced by temporal summation as a normal part of contraction is referred to as tetanus.
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Titin
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Also known as connectin, titin is a protein that functions as a molecular spring which is responsible for the passive elasticity of muscle
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Treppe \ˈtrep-ə\
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the graduated series of increasingly vigorous contractions that results when a corresponding series of identical stimuli is applied to a rested muscle—called also staircase effect, staircase phenomenon
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Tropomyosin \ˌträp-ə-ˈmī-ə-sən, ˌtrōp-\
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a protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction
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Troponin
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a protein of muscle that together with tropomyosin forms a regulatory protein complex controlling the interaction of actin and myosin and that when combined with calcium ions permits muscular contraction
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Twitch
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A brief muscular contraction followed by relaxation is referred to as a twitch.
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Voluntary muscle
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Muscle that is usually under conscious control is referred to as a voluntary muscle.
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What do muscles do?
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Muscles convert the chemical energy of ATP into mechanical energy of movement.
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What are the functions of muscles?
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1. Internal and External Movement
2. Stability 3. Communication 4. Control body openings and passages (i.e. peristalsis) 5. Production of heat |
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The prefix Myo- refers to what?
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A prefix denoting a relationship to muscle.
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Sarco- or Sarc-
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A prefix referring to striated muscle as in sarcolemma or flesh as in sarcocele.
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A prefix that refers to striated muscle or flesh is what?
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Sarco- or Sarc-
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A piece of connective tissue that covers the tendons of several muscles such as at the wrist and at the ankles is called what?
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Retinaculum
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What are muscles called that act to oppose each other?
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Antagonistic Pairs
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What is a cell that is multinucleate and is made up of bundles of myofilaments called?
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Myofibrils
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A deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. These invaginations allow depolarization of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell.
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T-tubule or Transverse tubule
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What is the functional unit of muscle, that runs from z-disc to z-disc that contracts?
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Sarcomere
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These fibers have relatively abundant mitochondria,
myoglobin, and blood capillaries, and therefore a relatively deep red color. They are well adapted to aerobic respiration, which does not generate lactic acid. Thus, these fibers do not fatigue easily. However, in response to a single stimulus, they exhibit a relatively long twitch, lasting about 100 milliseconds. |
Slow oxidative (SO), slow-twitch, red, or type I fibers
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These fibers are well adapted for quick
responses but not for fatigue resistance. They are rich in enzymes of the phosphagen and glycogen–lactic acid systems. Their sarcoplasmic reticulum releases and reabsorbs Ca2+ quickly, which partially accounts for their quick, forceful contractions. |
Fast glycolytic (FG), fast-twitch, white, or type II
fibers. |
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Muscles of the Rotator Cuff
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supraspinatus
infraspinatus teres Minor subscapularis |
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Muscles of the hamstring
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semitendinosus
semimembranosus biceps femoris |
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Muscles of the Quadriceps femoris
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Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis Vastus medialis Vastus intermedius |
