Biol 113-Exam 1

Front 1

Toxicology

Back 1

study of harmful substances

Front 2

Toxin

Back 2

something naturally occurring
(know one example of toxin and effect)

Front 3

Toxicant

Back 3

man-made

Front 4

Toxicokinetics

Back 4

movement of toxic substances in the body
ADME

1) Absorption: inhalation, eating (G.I), dermal, eyes, nose, anus, tongue
2) Distribution: blood stream
3) Metabolized: break down—forming, alteration of compound, (liver) P450 enzymes
4) Excretion: feces, urine, sweat, vomit, exhalation, sneezing

Front 5

Toxicodynamics

Back 5

effect of toxic substance

Front 6

Bioactivation

Back 6

final product or intermediate product (related to metabolism) is more toxic than the parent compound

Front 7

Biotransformation

Back 7

lipophilic (fat-loving, easily absorbed in the body)
hydrophilic (easily secreted by the body)
process of enabling a compound to be excreted from the body; P450-Phase I and II-enzymes highest concentration in liver (takes place in the liver, enzymes are responsible, two phases)

Front 8

Xenobiotic

Back 8

foreign compound to the body (all pharmaceuticals, etc., anything that isn't naturally occurring in the body)

Front 9

Epidemiology

Back 9

study of death in population and causes (study of toxic exposure in a population)

Front 10

Acute v. Chronic toxicity

Back 10

acute-less than 24 hours
chronic-greater than 24 hours

Front 11

Local v. Systemic

Back 11

local-stays in the area you were exposed (area of exposure); not circulate the body
systemic-distributed throughout the body--multiple sites of damage

Front 12

Immediate v. Delayed

Back 12

immediate-within seconds to minutes, recovery is allowed
delayed-years down the road, cancer, serious illness, and death

Front 13

Determination of doses to be tested

Back 13

milligrams per kilogram, weight

Front 14

Animal Models

Back 14

In vivo- the whole body, so the whole animal, (pro-representative of what will happen in real life, see effects on the whole system; con- animal could die)

In vitro- testing it in isolated systems, “test tube”, outside the body (pro-can see what the effects are on the liver; con-will that be replicated in the whole animal? May not be the case)

In silico- testing the effects using a computer program (modeling the effects) (pro-no using animals and harming them in any way, fast, fairly cheap; con-may or may not be representative for what happens in real life)

Front 15

Variables affecting toxicity

Back 15

toxicant itself usually well defined and concentration of toxicant

time of day
nutrition diet
age
state of health
environment

Front 16

Risk Assessment

Back 16

1970's FDA and EPA regulation, CDC

10 pounds per million or 100ppm,

Front 17

Routes of exposure

Back 17

three primary routes are respiratory, skin (dermal) and GI

Front 18

Storage of toxicants in the body

Back 18

bone, fat

Front 19

Biotransformation/target organ toxicity

Back 19

things that can affect metabolism
-age
-gender
-circadian cycle
-nutrition
-diseases

-hepatoxicity=liver
-nephrotoxicity=kidney
-neurotoxicity=brain
-dermatoxicity=skin
-pulmonotoxicity=respiratory track

Front 20

Elimination of toxicants

Back 20

hair, nails, saliva

Front 21

Major classes/examples of toxicants

Back 21

1) pesticides (DDT)
2) cyanide
3) benzene

Front 22

More sensitive to toxic effects

Back 22

Brain--> circulatory system, visceral muscle, bone, fat

Front 23

Biomagnification

Back 23

toxins bottom of the food chain work their way up