Bio 1210 Week 1 Day 2

Front 1

_______ are embedded in the fluid of the _____ ________

Back 1

proteins, plasma membrane/lipid bilayer

Front 2

The 2 proteins found in the plasma membrane are:

Back 2

Integral proteins/transmembrane proteins and peripheral proteins

Front 3

what do integral proteins do to the plasma membrane?

Back 3

they penetrate the hydrophobic core of the membrane completely from the outside to the inside right across the bilipid layer. they also span the membrane

Front 4

what do the peripheral proteins do to the plasma membrane?

Back 4

peripheral proteins are associated with the inside or outside of the membrane, they are attached to the membrane but do not penetrate the hydrophobic core.

Front 5

When carbohydrate roots are associated with proteins they are called:

Back 5

glycoproteins

Front 6

when carbohydrate roots are associated with lipids they are called:

Back 6

glycolipids

Front 7

what are the 4 types of transmembrane protein activity?

Back 7

transport, ion channels, enzymatic activity, signal transduction

Front 8

most peripheral proteins perform:

Back 8

enzymatic activity

Front 9

membrane structure results in:

Back 9

selective permeability

Front 10

what are some examples of molecules that can pass the lipid bilayer?

Back 10

gases, hydrophobic molecules, small polar molecules

Front 11

why can certain molecules pass the lipid bilayer?

Back 11

they are lipid soluble and small in size

Front 12

what are some examples of molecules and particles that cannot pass the lipid bilayer?

Back 12

large polar molecules, charged molecules (ions)

Front 13

what are the 3 ways that particles and molecules can move through the lipid bilayer that dont require energy?

Back 13

simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis

Front 14

Examples of simple diffusion:

Back 14

gases, water, sugar dissolving in coffee

Front 15

simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion is the movement of solute molecules of _____ ______ to an area of ______ ________. what is required?

Back 15

high concentration -> low concentration. no energy is required.

Front 16

what requires a semipermeable membrane and what doesnt require a semipermeable membrane to occur?

Back 16

facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion.

Front 17

simple diffusion can move ______ _______ substances across the membrane. facilitated diffusion moves ______ _______ substances.

Back 17

lipid soluble, water soluble.

Front 18

what is the process of simple diffusion?

Back 18

molecule dissolves in phospholipid bilayer > diffuses across it > then dissolves in aqueous solution

Front 19

what is the process of facilitated diffusion?

Back 19

passage mediated by proteins > involves the movement of molecules goes from high concentration to low

Front 20

what are 2 ways that facilitated diffusion can be done?

Back 20

carrier proteins, channel proteins

Front 21

what does "passive process" mean?

Back 21

it uses no energy

Front 22

what is osmosis?

Back 22

the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

Front 23

what determines the direction of osmosis?

Back 23

the difference in total solute concentration

Front 24

what determines the direction of facilitated diffusion?

Back 24

by their relative concentrations inside and outside of the cell (goes from high concentration to low)

Front 25

in osmosis, water diffuses across a membrane from the region of _____ ______ _______ to the region of ______ _______ _________

Back 25

lower solute concentration -> higher solute concentration

Front 26

in osmosis, the concentration/amount of ______ is always a direct opposite with the amount of ______ that is present

Back 26

water, solute. (if there is lots of water, only a little bit of solute or if there is lots of solute, only a little bit of water.)

Front 27

areas with _____ of water will move to areas with _____ water.

Back 27

lots, less

Front 28

3 ways that particles and molecules can move through the lipid bilayer that need energy:

Back 28

active transport/processes, endocytosis/phagocytosis, and exocytosis.

Front 29

what do particles and molecules that move through the lipid bilayer with energy use?

Back 29

ATP

Front 30

what type of active transport/process should you know?

Back 30

ATP (more sodium outside, more potassium inside)

Front 31

_____ is in low concentration inside a cell, high concentration outside of cell (goes from inside to outside of cell)

Back 31

Sodium

Front 32

______ is in high concentration outside of the cell, low concentration inside. (goes from outside to inside of cell)

Back 32

Potassium

Front 33

What do prokaryotic cells not have?

Back 33

membrane around nuclei, membrane bound organelles, they are small, they have circular chromosomes, and no histones associated with the DNA

Front 34

what do eukaryotic cells have that prokaryotic cells dont have?

Back 34

membrane bound nuclei, membrane bound organelles, large cells, no peptidoglycans in cell wall, they have linear chromosomes, has histones associated with the DNA

Front 35

what is biology?

Back 35

the study of living things, or organisms

Front 36

what are the characteristics of living things?

Back 36

order and complexity

response to fluctuations in the environment

uses energy

reproduces

populations of living things evolve

Front 37

what are organelles?

Back 37

they are specific subcellular structures which perform specialized functions for the cell.

Front 38

what is an example of a non membranous organelle?

Back 38

a ribosome.

Front 39

what is the nucleus composed of?

Back 39

nuclear envelope (double membrane), nucleolus, and chromatin (colored body, chromosomes + histones = chromatin)

Front 40

what are bacterial cell walls composed of?

Back 40

a carbohydrate polymer called peptidoglycan

Front 41

what are plant cell walls made of?

Back 41

cellulose

Front 42

what do mitochondria and chloroplasts both have, and what do they both produce?

Back 42

DNA, ribosomes, inner and outer membranes, and produce ATP via chemiosmosis

Front 43

what does the endomembrane system compose of?

Back 43

endoplasmic reticulum and the golgi apparatus

Front 44

what is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Back 44

gives cell a support structure and can also be used for transportation processes.

Front 45

______ proteins are associated with DNA of ______ _____ and not associated with DNA of ______ _____

Back 45

histone, eukaryotic cells, prokaryotic cells

Front 46

Dark spots on chromosomes are:

Back 46

where DNA are unwrapped and copied, creating a nucleic acid called RNA

Front 47

What are the dark spots on chromosomes called?

Back 47

nucleoli

Front 48

what is an example of an organ that has a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? because why?

Back 48

The liver because of the synthesis of lipids

Front 49

what do animal cells not have that plant cells do?

Back 49

chloroplasts, central vacuole, cell wall, and plasmodesmata

Front 50

some animals are mobile that have _____

Back 50

flagella (sperm)

Front 51

what do plant cells not have in comparison to animal cells?

Back 51

lysosomes, centrioles, flagella (but some plants have plant sperm)

Front 52

what is plasmodesmata?

Back 52

cytoplasmic channels that connect cytoplasm through the cell walls of adjacent plant cells and allows communication between them.

Front 53

what is the difference between cell membranes and cell walls?

Back 53

cell membranes are selectively permeable, cell walls allow many substances to seep through.

Front 54

because animals lack a cell wall, what are they more susceptible to?

Back 54

changes in solute concentration.

Front 55

what is an example of an excellent material for observing plasmodesmata?

Back 55

the skin of a ripe tomato

Front 56

if plant or animal cells are placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell contents ____ in a process called _____

Back 56

shrink, plasmolysis.

Front 57

hypertonic solution means:

Back 57

higher concentration

Front 58

plasmolysis happens with hypertonic solution because water passes by _____ from the ______ of the cell to the _______

Back 58

osmosis, inside, outside

Front 59

if a plant cell is put into a _____ solution, the cell will become ______ due to the water moving into the cell

Back 59

hypotonic, turgid (swollen)

Front 60

what does hypotonic solution mean?

Back 60

lower concentration

Front 61

if an animal cell were placed in a _____ solution, water would move into the cell until it ______

Back 61

hypotonic, lysed (Burst)

Front 62

______ _______ is a process of cytoplasm movement which occurs in many cell types.

Back 62

cytoplasmic streaming

Front 63

the movement of cytoplasmic streaming requires:

Back 63

ATP