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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are genetics? |
The study of heredity, and the study of mechanisms of inheritance and associated biological processes |
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what are the biological processes of genetics? |
1) structure, replication, transmission, functioning, mutation of genetic material 2) genetic events affecting population/evolution |
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What are genes? |
They are units of heredity located on the chromosome that determine particular characteristics of individuals |
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What are chromosomes? |
They are long threadlike structures with many genes arranged linearly |
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What is deoxyribonucleic acid? (DNA) |
they are complex chemical compounds that form genes |
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what is the chromosome complement of a species? |
the number and type of chromosomes |
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what is a genome? |
all the DNA content of a cell (mitochondria also has DNA) |
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how many chromosomes does a diploid cell have? |
two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent |
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how many chromosomes does a haploid cell have? |
a single set of unpaired chromosomes |
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what are two chromosomes in each pair called? |
homologous chromosomes e.g. chromosome 21 is homologous to chromosome 21 to your father, exception of sex chromosomes |
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homologous chromosomes must: |
be same in length, and must carry exactly the same genes |
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the term haploid (1n) refers to: |
one complete set of chromosomes and this number is found in either an egg or a sperm cell |
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the term diploid (2n) refers to: |
two complete sets of chromosomes and is found in all cells (somatic cells) except egg and sperm cells |
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what is a somatic cell? |
any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells |
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what is the role of mitosis? |
mitosis replicates the chromosome complement of a cell (clones itself) |
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what is the role of meiosis? |
meiosis reduces the chromosome number and forms gametes (egg and sperm) |
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what type of cell does meiosis need to begin and end with? |
parent cell must be diploid, ending up with haploid after meiosis |
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what do genes provide? |
information affecting the biochemistry of cells and organisms |
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what do genes affect? |
the development, biochemical functioning, and physical characteristics of organisms |
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what is the purpose of mitosis? |
for reproduction, growth and repair |
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what does mitosis cell division distribute to daughter cells? |
identical sets of chromosomes |
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what does the division of a unicellular organism reproduce? |
an entire organism (e.g. amoeba) |
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what is a zygote? |
fertilized egg. -> haploid + haploid = diploid. zygotes are diploid. |
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do multicellular organisms use mitosis? |
yes to repair and renew cells that die from wear and tear (e.g. stem cells in bone marrow) |
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what is the cell cycle? |
it is an ordered series of events in the life cycle of a cell from its origin until it dies or divides into daughter cells |
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most of a cell cycle is spent: |
in the interphase, after it goes into mitotic phase (mitosis, cytokinesis) |
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what is G1 referred to? |
cell growth phase |
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In the cell cycle, when the cell prepares for cell division, DNA is: |
replicated/duplicated, the amount of DNA has doubled. |
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each duplicated chromosome has: |
two sister chromatids which separate during cell division |
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what are sister chromatids? |
they are joined copies of the original chromosome |
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what is a centromere? |
the narrow "waist" of the duplicated chromosome, where the two chromatids are most closely attached |
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what is G2 in the cell cycle? |
a second cell growth phase in preparation for cell division |
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During cell division (mitosis), the two sister chromatids of each duplicated chromosome separate and: |
move into two nuclei |
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Once cells separate (cytokinesis), the chromatids are still called: |
chromosomes |
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when cells divide the ____ _____ apart |
cytoplasm pinches |
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mitosis involes in moving: |
chromosomes |
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the cell cycle also applies to: |
meiosis |
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during DNA synthesis, we double the amount of genetic material (___), we produce duplicated chromosomes, that are stuck together with a centromere. the duplicated chromosome is called ______. the chromosome number _____ _______ (____) |
92. a chromosome. hasnt changed. 46. |
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the duplicated chromosome has the _____ genetic material as the original chromosome, but has _____ the _____ of genetic material |
same. doubled. amount. |
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cancer cells manage to: |
escape the usual controls on the cell cycle |
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the cell cycle control system is regulated by: |
both internal and external controls |
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some cells dont divide, they are said to be in: |
G0 |
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when passing the first checkpoint (G1), the cell undergoes: |
mitosis/meiosis and divides |
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cancer cells do not: |
respond normally to the body's control mechanisms |
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cancer cells may not need: |
growth factors to grow and divide |
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Which region of plants does mitosis occur? |
stems and roots |
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which tissue in plant replicates by mitosis? |
meristematic tissue |
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what is an example of a region in animals that mitosis occurs? |
repair and maintenance of tissues and cells (e.g. red blood cells being made into red bone marrow stem cells) |