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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How are tissues defined? |
Constituent or component cells |
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Plant tissues can be classified as [1] and [2] based on their [3], but these groups are not [4] |
Meristematic Permanent Level of development Mutually exclusive |
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Cell division of meristematic plant tissues |
Active cell division |
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Location of meristematic plant tissues |
Apex: apical meristem Side: lateral meristem |
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Apex |
Tips Shoot tip Root tip |
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Apical meristem function and location |
Primary growth: increase in height Present in all types of plant |
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Lateral meristem function and location |
Increase in diameter Present in woody plants, not herbaceous plants |
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Apical meristem division |
One daughter cell is meristematic, the other is transitional meristem |
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Physical characteristics of meristematic cell |
Thin walls Little cytoplasm occupied by dense nucleus |
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Why is the nucleus conspicuous in a meristematic cell? |
Meristematic cells participate in active cell division DNA replicates DNA is found in the nucleus |
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What is this and why? |
Meristematic cell
Thin cell wall: dark green Little cytoplasm: light green Dense nucleus: blue |
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Meristematic cells division |
Divide to form reserve of healthy stem cells Always remain meristematic |
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Function of stem cell proliferation |
To maintain growth of the plant |
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Derivatives of transitional meristem |
Protoderm Procambium Ground meristem |
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Derivatives of transitional meristem are all [1] because [2] and [3] |
Meristematic Constituent cells all look similar: have thin walls, little cytoplasm, and dense nucleus Proliferate to form daughter cells |
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After successive divisions, protoderm will give rise to |
Dermal tissue |
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After successive divisions, procambium will give rise to |
Vascular tissue |
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After successive divisions, ground meristem will give rise to |
Ground tissue |
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Permanent tissue types |
Dermal tissue Vascular tissue Ground tissue |
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Dermal tissues consist of |
Epidermis Stomatal apparatus Trichomes |
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What is this and why? |
Epidermis Single layer of epidermal cells Covered by cuticle |
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Cuticle |
Waxy covering of epidermis |
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Stoma, stomata, and stomatal apparatus |
Stoma: hole Stomata: plural of stoma Stomatal apparatus: stoma, guard cells, and subsidiary cells |
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Guard cells |
Upon changes in turgor pressure, cause opening or closing of stoma |
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Subsidiary cells |
Epidermal cells surrounding guard cells |
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What is this and why? |
Stomatal apparatus Stoma surrounded by guard cells and subsidiary epidermal cells |
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Trichomes |
Plant hairs that extend from epidermal cells Unicellular, multicellular, or glandular |
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Function of trichomes |
Defense against insects and other pathogens Protection against too much sunlight or temperature |
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What is this and why? |
Trichomes Plant hair extending from epidermal cell |
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Types of vascular tissues |
Xylem Phloem |
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Xylem and phloem are [1], so they have various [2] |
Tissue types Constituent cells |
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Cell types of tracheary elements |
Vessel element Tracheids |
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Vessel |
Several vessel elements along a tube |
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Vessel elements |
Perforated, wide ends |
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Tracheids |
Tapered, long ends |
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What are these and why? |
Cell types of tracheary elements Vessel: several vessel elements with wide, perforated ends Tracheid: tapered, long ends |
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Tracheary elements in angiosperms |
Vessel elements Tracheids |
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Tracheary elements in gymnosperms |
Tracheids |
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What is this and why? |
Cross-section of xylem Vessel elements: large cells Tracheids: smaller cells |
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Function of vessel elements and tracheids |
Water transport Form xylem tissue |
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Function of phloem |
Transport of food |
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Sieve tube member |
Composes phloem Devoid of nucleus and other organelles in cytoplasm Forms a sieve tube end-to-end |
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Companion cells |
Loads and de-loads sugars into and out of sieve tube member |
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What is this and why? |
Sieve tube member with companion cell Sieve tube member: devoid of nucleus and other organelles in cytoplasm Companion cell: loading and deloading of food |
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Components of xylem |
Tracheary elements Parenchyma Fibers |
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Components of phloem |
Sieve-tube member Companion cell Parenchyma Fibers |
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Types of ground tissue |
Parenchyma Collenchyma Sclerenchyma |
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Parenchyma |
Thin, flexible walls Alive at maturity |
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Collenchyma |
Irregularly thick walls Alive at maturity |
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Sclerenchyma |
Thick wall Appear red because of affinity of lignin with safranin stain Dead at maturity Provides structural support for plant |
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What are these and why? |
Parenchyma tissue: group of parenchyma cells with thin cell walls
Collenchyma tissue: group of collenchyma cells with irregularly thick walls
Sclerenchyma tissue: group of sclerenchyma cells with thick walls that appear red because of affinity of lignin with safranin stain |
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Visual cues are [1-4] and help tell which cells are [5] and [6] |
Size, shape, color, wall thickness Similar Can be grouped together as tissue |
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What is this and why? |
Tissue systems in a leaf
Dermal tissue: on the outer layer Ground tissue: in intercellular spaces Vascular tissue: in vascular bundle with xylem and phloem |
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Vascular bundle |
Xylem and phloem tissue Surrounded by a ring of cells called bundle sheath |
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What is this and why? |
Tissue systems in a stem
Dermal tissue: on the outer layer Ground tissue: in intercellular spaces Vascular tissue: in vascular bundle with xylem and phloem |
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What is this and why? |
Tissue systems in a root
Dermal tissue: on the outer layer Ground tissue: in intercellular spaces Vascular tissue: in vascular bundle in center of root with xylem and phloem |
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What is this and why? |
Shoot apical meristem: complex structure
A and I: Procambium, presents as strands running through ground meristem B: Ground meristem, in apical portion C: Leaf gap D: Trichome, plant hair E: Apical meristem, at very tip of shoot F: Developing leaf primordia, small cellular outgrowth from shoot apical meristem G: Leaf primordium H: Axillary bud, between leaf and stem
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Axillary bud |
Has potential to form shoots |
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What is this and why? |
Parenchyma Thin, flexible walls |
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Aerenchyma |
Modified parenchyma cells with air spaces for buoyancy or aeration of tissues |
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What is this and why? |
Epidermal cells: rectangular cells, single layer Parenchyma: thin, flexible walls Aerenchyma: parenchyma with large air spaces in between |
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What is this and why? |
Parenchyma: thin, flexible walls Collenchyma: irregularly thick walls Epidermal cells: singular cells, single layer |
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What is this and why? |
Unstained collenchyma cells with white cell walls: irregularly thick walls |
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Types of sclerenchyma cells |
Sclereid/stone cells Fibers: long and thin |
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Sclerenchyma cells stain [1] because [2] |
Red Their cell walls are lignified |
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What is this and why? |
Sclerenchyma cells Thick cell walls stained red |
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What is this and why? |
Sclereid cells: thick cell walls stained red Parenchyma: thin, flexible walls stained bluegreen |
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What is this and why? |
Sclereid cells Fiber cells: long and thin |
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What cell type are tracheary elements? |
Sclerenchyma |
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What is this and why? |
Xylem vessel cells: thick red-stained cell walls Xylem parenchyma: thin, flexible walls |
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What is this and why? |
Secondary wall thickenings of xylem vessel cells
1. Annular lignification: column of circles 2. Helical thickening: 2B hair 3. Helical thickening: 3B hair 4. Helical thickening: stripes 5. Reticulate thickening: disorganized stairs 6. Scalariform pitted wall: organized stairs 7. Opposite pitted wall: disorganized spots 8. Alternate pitted wall: organized spots |
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During growth and development of a plant, [1] cell walls undergo [2] because they are [3] |
Secondary Thickening Lignified |
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What is this and why? |
Xylem vessel cells 1-2. 1: annular lignification: column of circles 3. 5: reticulate lignification: disorganized stairs |
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What is this and why? |
Xylem cross-section Tracheids: long cells with tapered ends Parenchyma: thin, flexible walls Vessel cells: wide |
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Cell type of companion cell |
Parenchyma |
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What is this and why? |
Phloem tissue Sieve tube: no nucleus or organelles Companion cell: parenchyma, thin, flexible walls |
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What is this and why? |
Phloem cross-section Sieve plate: on top of companion cell Companion cell: laid on sieve tube element Sieve tube: no nucleus |
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Stain color of cuticle |
Red |
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Dermal cell shape |
Rectangular or square |
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What is this and why? |
Cuticle: stains red Dermal cells: square |
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What is this and why? |
Leaf tissue system Trichome: plant hair Guard cell: surrounds stoma Stoma: hole |
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What is this and why? |
Epidermal cell: surrounds guard cells Guard cells: surround stoma Stoma: hole |
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What is this and why? |
Trichomes: plant hair Stoma: hole |
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What is this and why? |
Stomata: holes |
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What is this and why? |
Root apical meristem: top of root cap Root cap: end |
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What is this? |
Epidermis Root hairs Zone of maturation Zone of elongation Apical meristem Root cap |
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What are the specialized parenchyma cells? |
Aerenchyma Chlorenchyma Storage parenchyma Secretory parenchyma |
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Companion cell is also known as |
Albuminous cell |
