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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Oxygen |
Small, nonpolar molecule Simple diffusion |
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Carbon dioxide |
Small, nonpolar molecule Simple diffusion |
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Steroid |
Small, nonpolar molecules Amphipatic: derived from lipid cholesterol Simple diffusion |
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Steroid examples |
Cortisone, testosterone, estradiol |
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Water |
Small, polar molecules Difficulty passing through hydrophobic tail and nonpolar bilayer Facilitated diffusion through aquaporins |
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Glucose |
Large, polar molecules Hydrophilic: difficulty passing through hydrophobic tails Carrier proteins, independent transporters Symport with sodium in animals or H+ in plants |
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Sodium |
Charged particles Difficulty passing through nonpolar bilayer Active transport through ion channels |
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Potassium |
Charged particles Difficulty passing through nonpolar bilayer Active transport through ion channels |
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Leak channels |
Always open Maintain concentration gradient K+ and Na+ leak channels in neurons Facilitated diffusion |
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Ligand-gated ion channels |
Open when chemical messengers bind to receptors Facilitated diffusion driven by electrochemical gradient GABA: increases Cl- permeability Acetylcholine: increases Na+ permeability |
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Voltage-gated ion channels |
Facilitated diffusion regulated by membrane voltage Action potential |
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Ion pump |
Active transport against electrochemical gradient Maintain resting potential |
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Sodium-potassium pump |
3 sodium out, 2 potassium in |
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Cotransport |
One molecule transported up gradient, target molecule transported down Secondary active transport |
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Symport |
Cotransport in same direction |
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Antiport |
Cotransport in opposite directions |
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Isotonic |
Stable |
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Hypertonic |
Shrivel RBC crenation |
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Hypotonic |
Lysis RBC hemolysis |
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Hypotonic plant cell |
Turgid, walls exert turgor pressure Turgor pressure prevents cytoplasm from shrinking Cytoplasm hyperotnic compared to cellular environment |
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Isotonic plant cell |
Flaccid Limp |
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Hypertonic plant cell |
Plasmolyzed Lose water and shrink |
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Osmolarity |
Total concentration of solutes Solute particles/L solution |
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Osmoregulation |
Control of solute concentrations and water balance |
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Types of transport proteins |
Protein channel Carrier protein |
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Protein channel |
Conduit for molecules |
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Carrier protein |
Requires a change in configuration for molecules to pass |
