Bio 110 Lab Frog Internal Anatomy

Front 1

Liver

Back 1

- three lobes: right lobe, left anterior, left posterior

- lobes connect to hepatic portal system

- secretes bile -/ emulsify fats

Front 2

Gallbladder

Back 2

- underneath liver

- stores bile, releases to small intestine

Front 3

Stomach

Back 3

- stores food and mixes with enzymes to begin digestion

- has pyloric sphincter: hard muscular valve which connects to small intestine

- fundus, body, antrum

Front 4

Esophagus

Back 4

- leads from frog mouth to stomach

- divided from stomach by cardia and cardiac sphincter

Front 5

Small intestine

Back 5

- main organ for digestion and absorption

- duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Front 6

Large intestine

Back 6

- stores and absorbs water from undigested food

- food exits to cloaca

Front 7

Pancreas

Back 7

- secretes insulin and glucagon for sugar metabolism

- behind stomach

Front 8

Heart intro

Back 8

- one ventricle

- mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

- inefficient

Front 9

Types of frog respiration

Back 9

- pulmonary: lungs

- cutaneous: skin and linings of mouth

Front 10

Lungs

Back 10

- left and right

- beneath liver

Front 11

Heart

Back 11

- enclosed by pericardium

- three chambers: left and right atrium, ventricle

Front 12

Arterial system

Back 12

- pumps oxygenated blood away from heart (CSP)

- ventricle -/ arterial trunk/truncus arteriosus -/

(1) carotid artery

(2) pulmocutaneous artery -/ cutaneous artery for cutaneous respiration && pulmonary artery for lungs

(3) systemic arteries -/ joins dorsal aorta && branches celiaco-mesenteric artery, urogenital artery, common iliac artery (after kidney) -/ hypogastric artery (bladder, intestine), femoral artery and sciatic artery

Front 13

Venous system

Back 13

- pumps deoxygenated blood back to heart, either through:

(1) lower area of body -/ ventral abdominal vein and so on

(2) renal portal vein (kidneys -/ renal vein -/ posterior vena cava -/ sinus venosus)

Front 14

Overall circulatory system

Back 14

- oxygen-poor blood from venous system -/ RA -/ V -/ lungs, oxygenated (some body) -/ LA -/ systemic arteries (some lungs) -/ capillaries

Front 15

Kidneys

Back 15

- filter blood

- excrete urine

- connected to urinary bladder by ureters

Front 16

Adrenal glands

Back 16

- thin white band above kidneys

- secrete hormones for salt-water balance and fight or flight response

Front 17

Cloaca

Back 17

- excretes urine

Front 18

Testes

Back 18

- on top of kidney

- produce sperm -/ sperm ducts -/ cloaca

Front 19

Ovaries

Back 19

- next to kidneys

- filled with eggs (ova)

- connected to oviducts

Front 20

Oviducts

Back 20

- wider and thinner than intestine

- connect ovaries to two uteruses

- uteruses: extensions at end of oviducts

- lead to cloaca

Front 21

Major arteries and veins heart connects to

Back 21

- aorta

- systemic arteries

- dorsal aorta

- renal arteries

Front 22

Hepatic portal system

Back 22

- posterior to heart

- all blood flows here so toxins can be removed

- Venous system which receives blood from:

- urinary bladder

- ventral wall of abdomen

Front 23

Aorta

Back 23

- main artery that carries blood from heart

- splits into two arches to form dorsal aorta

- dorsal aorta connects to renal arteries

Front 24

Fat body

Back 24

- on top of kidney

- for hibernation and estivation

Front 25

Pithing needle

Back 25

- used to immobilize frog

- inserted through dorsal side

Front 26

Dissection scissors

Back 26

- used to cut through lose tissues

- blunt and sharp end

Front 27

Scalpel

Back 27

- cuts through different tissues -/ muscle and skin

- used with dissection forceps

Front 28

Dissection forceps

Back 28

- grasp tissue to expose for cutting

Front 29

Dissection pan and pins

Back 29

- aluminum tray filled with wax

- pins can be placed to hold flaps and position limbs

Front 30

Frog dissection steps

Back 30

1) pithing

2) skinning

Front 31

Pithing

Back 31

- damages connection of spinal cord to brain

- immobilizes frog, but does not kill it

- sensory signals do not reach brain

Front 32

Skinning

Back 32

- reveals internal anatomy of frog

Front 33

Pithing steps

Back 33

1) dorsal position, pinned down to aluminum tray

2) press down on Point A - head

3) insert pithing needle at Point B - great foramen, at base of skull

4) rotate needle to make sure connection is severed

5) check connection by poking shank with needle

Front 34

Skinning steps (1-4)

Back 34

1) ventral position

2) use scalpel/scissors to cut from posterior to anterior of midsaggital (middle of ventral) region

- use forceps to grip skin

- (CBA midsaggital) A: thighs, B: arms, C: lower jaw/throat

3) A: two distal cuts per thigh, insert curved finger and use circular motion to loosen skin from muscle; same in B and C

4) cut skin peeled away, but leave abdomen intact

Front 35

Skinning steps (5-9)

Back 35

5) dorsal position

6) fold excess skin over back

7) cut from left -/ center -/ right (pi)

8) peel away backside skin

9) peel off arm skin like gloves

Front 36

Frog vertebral column

Back 36

- nine vertebrae and urostyle

- 1: atlas, articulates with skull

- 2: axis

- 3-8: typical

- 9: sacral, articulates with pelvic girdle

- urostyle: terminal rod-like structure