Bio 101 Exam 2 Part 2

Front 1

Passive movement

Back 1

Filtration, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. None of these activities expend energy

Front 2

Diffusion

Back 2

The movement of a substance toward an area of lower concentration

Front 3

Osmosis

Back 3

Diffusion of water across a semipermiable membrane, such as the cell membrane

Front 4

Hypotonic solution

Back 4

Water with a lower concentration of solutes (salts, ions, and compounds dissolved in a solvent) than cytosol, cel will take in water and maybe burst if put in a hypotonic solution

Front 5

Hypertonic solution

Back 5

A higher concentration of solutes, will remove water from the cell and cause it to shrivel up

Front 6

Facilitated diffusion

Back 6

Transport proteins move solutes across the membrane

Front 7

Active transport

Back 7

When energy is consumed to move a molecule or ion against the concentration gradient (solute pumping). Can move atoms, ions, or molecules in to the cell (endocytosis) or out of it (exocytosis)

Front 8

Cytoskeleton

Back 8

The internal framework of a cell. Lies directly under the plasma membrane. Has three types of protein structure: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules

Front 9

Microfilaments

Back 9

The thinnest elements, responsible for cellular locomotion, muscle contractions, and movement during the cell division

Front 10

Intermediate filaments

Back 10

much stronger from Microfilaments, and protect the cell from mechanical stresses

Front 11

Microtubules

Back 11

long strings of the globular protein tubulin, coiled tightly into a tube
tracks for organelle movement, and instrumental in chromosome movement during cell division

Front 12

Flagella/cilia

Back 12

Flagella: single, long, propel sperm
Cilia: Look like hairs, much more common

Front 13

Rough Endoplasmic reticulum

Back 13

Processing and sorting area for proteins synthesized by the ribosomes that stud its outer membrane

Front 14

Ribosomes

Back 14

Protein factories

Front 15

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Back 15

Responsible for the synthesis of fatty acids and steroid hormones, such as testosterone

Front 16

Golgi complex

Back 16

Resembles a stack of pancakes called saccules (small circular vesicle used to transport substances within a cell). Involved with processing of proteins and fatty acids

Front 17

Lysosomes

Back 17

Chemical packages produced by the Golgi complex that contain hydrolytic enzymes (proteins that help decompose compounds by splitting bonds with water molecules) powerful enough to digest an entire cell from the inside

Front 18

Cell's nucleus

Back 18

Contains a cell's genetic library, and is usually the largest organelle in the cell. Nucleoplasm is in the nucleus, contains DNA

Front 19

Mitochondria

Back 19

Convert digested nutrients into usable energy for the body, in the form of ATP. Mitochondria require oxygen and produce carbon dioxide in their endless production of ATP, and so the processes in the mitochondria are often called cellular respiration

Front 20

Four tissue types:

Back 20

Epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Front 21

Epithelial tissue

Back 21

Composed of cells laid together in sheets- strong cell to cell attachments hold the cells together. There are 8 basic types of epithelium.

Front 22

Connective tissue

Back 22

Connects bodily structures. Composed of cells suspended in a noncellular matrix. The matrix, or ground substance, is secreted by the connective tissue cells, and determines the characteristics of the connective tissue.

Front 23

Soft connective tissue

Back 23

Includes parts of our skin, tendons, and blood vessels. Has a matrix composed of semifluid substance

Front 24

Avascular

Back 24

Without blood vessels. Cartilage is an example, all other types of connective tissue have rich blood supplies

Front 25

Types of cartilage

Back 25

Hyaline cartilage: most common type. Covers the ends of bones, allowing them to slide against one another without damage. Also found within nose and trachea
Elastic: Contains many elastic fibers in the matrix. Allos the outer ear to bend and then return to original shape
Fibrocartilage: Packed with collagen fibers, so it is found where extra strength is needed such as the knee joints

Front 26

Bone

Back 26

Tissue found in skeleton. Bone cells secrete an osteoid substance that eventually hardens and surrounds the cells in an ossified matrix

Front 27

Skeletal muscle

Back 27

Tissue that makes up the muscles. Moves your limbs and stabilizes your trunk. Composed of long, multi nucleate cells with visible striations. Voluntary muscle

Front 28

Smooth muscle

Back 28

Lines hollow organs, such as the blood vessels and the digestive tract. Short, cylindrical cells. Not under voluntary control.

Front 29

Cardiac (heart) muscle

Back 29

Short, branched, striated cells, with one nucleus at the center of each cell. Specialized communication junctions called intercalated discs facilitate the heartbeat by transmitting the signal to contract

Front 30

Nervous tissue

Back 30

"irritable," which means it responds to changes in the environment. Contains two categories of cells: Neurons and neuroglia

Front 31

Neuroglia

Back 31

The supporting cells of nervous tissue. Do not send or receive electrical impulses. Improve nutrient flow to neurons, provide physical support, remove debris, and provide electrical insulation

Front 32

Nerves

Back 32

Clusters of neurons and their projections, sheathed in connective tissue. Because they are a part of the body's periphery, they are a part of the peripheral nervous system. Sensory nerves conduct sensory messages from the body's sensory organs to the spinal cord, which routes the information to the brain.

Front 33

Organ systems in body

Back 33

11 of them. 10 help maintain homeostasis, the other is reproductive

Front 34

Proximal/Distal

Back 34

Opposite terms meaning near the core of the body versus farther from the core

Front 35

Lateral/Medial

Back 35

Opposite terms meaning found near the side of found near the middle

Front 36

Ventral cavity (location, parts)

Back 36

The belly.
Thoracic cavity: includes the chest area and houses the heart, lungs

Front 37

Pelvic cavity

Back 37

Urinary system, reproductive system.

Front 38

Dorsal body cavity

Back 38

Includes the cranial cavity housing the brain and the vertebral cavity containing the spinal cord

Front 39

Skeleto-muscular key functions:

Back 39

-Provide movement and locomotion
-Manipulate our environment
-Protect the organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
-help maintain homeostasis by generating internal heat
-maintain our upright posture and bipedal way of life

Front 40

Ossification

Back 40

Bone formation. Can be endochondral or intramembranous. Most are endochondral, meaning that they were formed within cartilage.

Front 41

Osteoblasts/osteocytes

Back 41

Osteoblasts: immature bone cells not yet surrounded by bony matrix
Osteocytes: mature bone cells surrounded by bone matrix

Front 42

Bone tissue (2 forms)

Back 42

Spongy or compact (dense). Compact bone material usually occurs at the edges of the bone and is composed of many individual osteons.
Spongy bone: less organized and lack osteons. Instead has trabeculae, or struts, that form in response to stress

Front 43

Epiphyses

Back 43

Ends of the bones, include epiphyseal plate, an area of cartilage where long bones continue to grow during younger years. When bones stop growing cartilage is replaced by bone, leaving the epiphyseal line.

Front 44

Skeleton is divided into two parts:

Back 44

Axial skeleton: Central axis of the body. Includes 8 cranial and 14 facial bones, as well as vertebrae, ribs, and sternum
Appendicular skeleton: The appendegaes (arms, legs, hands, feet)

Front 45

Cranial bones, comprise skull:

Back 45

8 cranial bones held together by sutures.
Frontal bone: At the forehead, protects frontal lobe of the brain
parietal bones protect the upper sides of the head, whereas the temporal bones protect the middle sides of the head and support the ears
Occipital bone: back of skull
Ethmoid: froms the floor of the front portion of the cranial cavity
Sphenoid: provides the base for the cranium, supporting the brain

Front 46

Vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

Back 46

Form the balance of the axial skeleton. There are 24 vertebrae, one sacrum, and 3-5 coccyx bones in the adult vertebral column. Vertibra is composed of three parts: vertebral body, vertebral arch, and the vertebral articular processes.

Front 47

Articular processes (part of vertebra)

Back 47

serve as points of attachment between adjacent vertebra and sites for muscle attachment

Front 48

Pelvic girdle

Back 48

The bones that connect the leg to the axial skeleton; the hipbones

Front 49

Ribs

Back 49

7 pairs of true ribs, and 5 pairs of false ribs. True ribs attach directly to the sternum. False ribs either attach to the costal cartilage or "float"

Front 50

Appendicular skeleton

Back 50

All bones that are attached to the axial skeleton. Comprised of limbs. It includes the Pectoral girdle, and and Pelvic girdle

Front 51

Clavicle/scapula

Back 51

Clavicle: in shoulder, most commonly broken in car/bike accidents
Scapula: "chicken wings" on your back, connected strong back bones

Front 52

Femur

Back 52

Longest and heaviest bone in body, in upper leg

Front 53

Joints (3 types)

Back 53

Link the skeletal system, exist wherever bones meet.
-Immovable: synarthrotic
-Semimovable: amphiarthrotic
-Freely movable: synovial. Most common. Serve as the fulcrum of a lever.

Front 54

Skeletal muscle

Back 54

Has an origin, an end that remains stationary when the organ shortens, and an insertion, an end that moves during contraction.

Front 55

Antagonistic (synergistic) pair

Back 55

muscles with opposing actions working together to provide smooth and controlled movements (like when doing tricep pulldowns, bicep relaxes)

Front 56

ATP

Back 56

The primary energy molecule that can be used to perform cellular funtions

Front 57

The eye has three layers:

Back 57

Outside to in...
-Sclera (fibrous layer)
-Choroid (vascular layer)
-Retina (nervous layer)