Bacteriology Test 1

Front 1

Describe the role & impact of microbes on the earth?

Back 1

Microorganisms are ubiquitous (everywhere), large #’s, 50% live in soil, impact earth terrain and ecosystem, live in places other organisms cannot, used for decomposition and photosynthesis

Front 2

Describe some ways humans manipulate m/o for benefit.

Back 2

Biotechnology: food, mining, cleaning products, and drug therapy
Bacteria and fungi: antibiotics , Yeast: human insulin

Front 3

Summarize the relative burden of human disease caused by microbes (think about economics)?

Back 3

Infectious disease correlates with countries income level, few diseases are caused my m/o

Front 4

List the various types of organisms.

Back 4

Cellular or Acellular
Cellular= Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Acellular= Viruses and Prions

Front 5

 How do prokaryotes & eukaryotes differ?

Back 5

Prokaryotes has no organelles or no nucleus, are 10x smaller, unicellular, cell walls, all prokaryotes are m/o,

Eukaryotes have organelles, are 10x larger, are uni/multi cellular, not all eukaryotes are m/o

Front 6

Taxonomy?

Back 6

classification of life, smaller groups, based on similarities (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)

Front 7

Nomenclature?

Back 7

consist of two names genus (Capitalized) and species (the whole name italics)

Front 8

Classification?

Back 8

similar features because they share a common ancestor, new species from preexisting species

Front 9

 What are the taxonomic categories?

Back 9

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, family, genus, species

Front 10

Abiogenesis?

Back 10

The belief in spontaneous generation as a source of life

Front 11

Hypothesis:

Back 11

A tentative explanation to account for what has been observed

Front 12

Theory:

Back 12

A collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event.

Front 13

Law?

Back 13

At some point, evidence of the accuracy and predictability of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached and the theory becomes a law.

Front 14

Cohn?

Back 14

Described endospores in detail along with sterilization
(small, dormant, resistant derivative of bacterial cell that germinates under favorable growth conditions)

Front 15

Hooke?

Back 15

1st microscope
coined the term "cell"

Front 16

Koch?

Back 16

German microbiologist
Contemporary of Pasteur
Worked on anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera
Used pure cultures (initiated the use of agar)
Further developed the germ theory of disease
Described several postulates for proving the etiological (causative) agent of disease (1884)

Front 17

Leeuwenhoek?

Back 17

First person to accurately describe living microbes
Used a simple microscope

Front 18

Lister?

Back 18

He initiated the use aseptic techniques to surgery

Front 19

Pasteur?

Back 19

Used swan-necked flasks to disprove abiogenesis

Was contacted by wine producers with a problem
The wine was going sour
Pasteur thought that the wine was “infected” with detrimental microbes
He briefly heated the wine to kill these microbes
Advent of pasteurization!
Also postulated that if wine can be infected by microbes, people can too
This is the beginning of the germ theory of disease.

Front 20

Redi?

Back 20

Disproved spontaneous generation of maggots

Front 21

Semmelweis?


Back 21

Puerperal fever outbreak was severe in his hospital
Observed a difference in incidence in clinical wards (patients of physicians had more cases than those of midwives)
Forced hand washing by all with chlorinated lime solutions

Front 22

Tyndall?

Back 22

Tyndall used discontinuous heating used to sterilize

Front 23

What is matter?

Back 23

any material that takes up space- made up of elements

Front 24

What is an element?

Back 24

pure substances ( carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
95% of our body weight
made up of atoms

Front 25

What are trace & bulk elements?

Back 25

BULK= CHONPS; most organisms are composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen (required in large amounts)
TRACE=necessary to help chemical reactions in living organism continue at a fast enough pace for life (required in small amounts)

Front 26

What is the definition of an atom?

Back 26

smallest piece of an element

Front 27

Describe the anatomy of an atom.

Back 27

proton, electron, neutron

Front 28

What is the atomic number?

Back 28

# of protons= # of electrons

Front 29

How are different isotopes of the same element different from one another?

Back 29

number of neutrons different

Front 30

How are atoms, molecules, & compounds related?

Back 30

atoms make up both molecules and compounds.
molecules are 2+ chemically joined atoms (O2, N2)
compound are 2 atoms that are different (NaClCH4)

Front 31

What is the difference between an orbital & an energy shell?

Back 31

orbital= most likely location for an electron relative to the nucleus
1st shell = 1 orbital
2nd shell= 4 orbitals

energy shell= group of orbitals with the same energy level, electrons exist in many energy shells
each ring= different energy level

Front 32

How does the # of valence e- determine an atom’s tendency to form bonds?

Back 32

atoms do whatever it takes to fill these valance shells

Front 33

Explain how electronegativity differences between atoms result in nonpolar covalent bonds, polar covalent bonds, and ionic bonds.

Back 33

ionic bonds= lose or gain of e- (extreme electronegativity)
nonpolar covalent= equal sharing of electrons
polar covalent = unequal sharing of electrons

Front 34

What is the relationship between polar covalent bonds & hydrogen bonds?

Back 34

they are polar covalent bonds due to unequal sharing of electrons. Each end gets partial charges

Front 35

How is cohesion different from adhesion?

Back 35

Cohesion is the tendency for H2O molecules to stick to each other

Adhesion is the tendency for H2O molecules to stick to other substances

Front 36

What is the difference between hydrophilic & hydrophobic molecules?

Back 36

hydrophilic= water loving, polar substances, dissolves in water

hydrophobic= water-fearing, nonpolar substances, does not dissolve in water

Front 37

Which properties of water enable it to regulate body temperature?

Back 37

more energy is needed to change the temperature of H2O than in any other liquids

Front 38

How does the fact that water expands upon freezing affect life?

Back 38

Ice is less dense than water
ice floats: H-bonds locked in place
Good for aquatic life

Front 39

What happens in a chemical reaction?

Back 39

2+ molecules "swap" their atoms to yield different molecules

Front 40

How does water participate in the chemistry of life?

Back 40

most chemical reactions take place in a watery solution

Front 41

How do acids & bases affect a solution’s H+ concentration?

Back 41

Weak acids & bases very easily dissociate to provide more H+ ions or OH- ions

Front 42

How does a pH value of 3 compare with pH of 9?

Back 42

3 is acidic and 9 is basic

Front 43

How do buffer systems regulate the pH of a cell?

Back 43

Buffers resist changes in pH
2 ways:
If pH is too acidic …. absorbs H+ or releases OH-
If pH is too basic…. absorbs OH- or releases H+

Front 44

What does organic mean?

Back 44

made up of CARBON AND HYDROGEN

Front 45

What rxn links monomers together? What rxn breaks them apart?

Back 45

links together= dehydration synthesis

breaks them apart= hydrolysis

Front 46

What are some examples of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, & nucleic acid? What is the function of each type of molecule?

Back 46

All are the major molecules found in cells:

Carbs= simple sugars (monosaccarhide, disacc, polysacc) to provide energy & cell structure
lipids= fats( phospholipids, waxes, triglycerides, sterols) long term energy storage & cell structure
Proteins: amino acids joined together by peptide bond, "work horse" structure, transport, enzymes
Nucleic acid: DNA and RNA, information containing

Front 47

What kind of monomers form carbohydrates? Proteins? Nucleic acid?

Back 47

Carbs= monosaccarhides
Proteins=amino acid
Nucleic acid= Nucleotides (5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, Nitrogen base)

Front 48

What are the components of triglyceride? What are the other types of lipids?

Back 48

3 fatty acids + glycerol

other types: sterols, waxes, phospholipids

Front 49

What is the significance of a protein’s shape, and how can that shape be destroyed?

Back 49

Shape determines function
Destroyed by denaturation (unfolding)

Front 50

What are some differences between RNA & DNA?

Back 50

RNA- single strand, ribose sugar, U instead of T, different functions related to genetics

DNA- double strand, deoxyribose sugar, T instead of U, holds genetic code of life

Front 51

Which structures are involved in secretion?

Back 51

Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus

Front 52

Which structures are involved in digestion?

Back 52

Vesicles & Phagosomes
Lysosomes

Front 53

Which structures are involved in metabolism?

Back 53

Mitochondrion
Chloroplast

Front 54

Which structures are involved in storage & transport?

Back 54

Vesicles & Phagosomes

Front 55

Which structures are involved in locomotion?

Back 55

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Front 56

Which structures are involved in protection?

Back 56

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Front 57

Where did eukaryotic cells come from?

Back 57

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Front 58

Where did mitochondria come from?

Back 58

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Front 59

Where did chloroplasts come from?
What is the name of this theory?

Back 59

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Front 60

What are the different types of eukaryotic microorganims?
Which ones are unicellular & which ones are multicellular?

Back 60

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Front 61

Can you put the appropriate microbe in the appropriate Kingdom? (Molds, Yeasts, Algae, Protozoa, Helminths)

Back 61

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Front 62

Describe some general characteristics of fungi.
• Are human fungal infections common?
• What term do we use for fungal infections?
• What parts of the body do fungal infections usually affect?

Protista
Algae
• Give some general characteristics of algae.
• How are algae unique (in regards to other eukaryote m/o)? Think nutrition….
• What are the major types of algae?
• Why are algae important? Give examples.

Back 62

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Front 63

What are the 2 types of microscopic fungi.

Back 63

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Front 64

Describe the structure of fungi.

Back 64

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Front 65

How do fungi get their nutrients?

Back 65

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Front 66

What is a heterotroph? Saprobe?

Back 66

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Front 67

Describe fungal reproduction.

Back 67

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Front 68

How are fungal spores different from bacterial spores.

Back 68

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Front 69

How are fungi beneficial?

Back 69

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