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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psitticines |
"hookbills" -parrots -cockatiels |
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Passerines |
"softbills" -songbirds -finches -canaries |
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Anseriformes |
-ducks -geese -swans |
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Galliformes |
-poultry -pheasants |
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Falconiformes |
-falcons -hawks -owls |
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Columbiformes |
-pigeons -doves |
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Coracoid |
-breastbone; above sternum for protection of the lungs |
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Large Sternum |
-for structure and support in flying |
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Synsacrums |
-pelvic bone has support on each side by these |
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Hallux |
-extra joint and bone on claws -claws have 4 digits |
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Muscles |
-strong tissue in wings for flexion and extension |
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Countour Feathers |
-covers the body -constitutes flight feathers of the wings and tail |
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Semiplume Feathers |
-found under contour feathers -provides insulation -provides buoyancy in water birds |
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Down Feathers |
-soft, fluffy feathers -located next to skin under contour feathers -provides insulation |
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Moulting |
-process of feather replacement -begins when a new feather pushes out an old one -can occur several times a year depending on species |
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What is a growing feather called? |
Blood Feather |
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Bone Structure |
-Larger bones are pneumatic - filled w/ air and connected to respiratory system -single body cavity; no diaphragm |
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Respiratory System |
-NO diaphragm -lungs are rigid and do NOT expand when filled w/ air -9 air sacs |
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How does respiration in a bird work? |
-2 inhalations and 2 exhalations are required to transport 1 pocket of air through the entire respiratory system |
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Circulatory System |
-4 chambered heart -Renal Portal System (like reptiles) -RBCs are enucleated -Heterophils replace neutrophils |
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Dominant WBC |
Heterophil |
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Normal HR of Birds |
-larger birds: 75-80 bpm -smaller birds: 300-600 bpm |
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Digestive System |
-fast metabolism and high-energy demand -food travels from esophagus to the crop |
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What is the crop? |
-a storage pouch for food *the owl does NOT have a crop |
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2 Part Stomach |
1. Proventriculus -chemical digestion 2. Gizzard -mechanical digestion |
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Cloaca |
-common system for urinary, digestive, and reproductive systems |
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Urinary System |
-NO bladder -2 kidneys -2 ureters -urine is strongly uric acid and ammonia; mixed w/ feces in cloaca and excreted as a paste |
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Reproduction |
-males have 2 testicles -females have 1 functional ovary (LEFT side) -sperm is delivered by a phallus (pseudo penis) which is housed in the cloaca and extends from cloaca to cloaca during copulation |
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Fertilization |
-takes place in the infundibulum -in the uterus, the fertilized egg absorbs salts and calcifies -the egg passes through the vaginal canal and then into the cloaca |
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What is the number of eggs layed called? |
Clutch |
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Is it ok to use vacutainers to collect blood? |
NO |
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How should blood slides be made? |
-immediately after sample is taken and BEFORE anticoagulant is added |
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RBC Characteristics |
-oval shape -central nucleus (stains dark blue) -cytoplasm (usually stains pink-orange color) |
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Four Main Factors to Evaluate Avian RBCs |
1. Polychromasia (different colors) 2. Hypochromasia (lack of color) 3. Anisocytosis (different sizes) 4. Poikilocytosis (different shapes) |
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What does an increase in polychromasia indicate? |
-RBC regeneration -may be a response to anemia |
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Which patients would demonstrate hypochromatic RBCs? |
-emaciated or anemic patients |
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What are some causes of anemia? |
-lead toxicosis -nutritional deficiency -infectious disease -parsitism |
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What are common shape variations seen in avian RBCs? |
-spikes (crenation) -teardrop -spindle -ballooning of one side of the cell |
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Heterophils |
-most common WBC seen -bilobed or trilobed nucleus |
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What would cause increased heterophils in a bird? |
-inflammation -stress -infection |
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Eosinophils |
-bilobed nucleus -contains round granules -nuclues stains dark blue, granules stain orange-red *in some species the granules stain dark blue |
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What would cause a bird to have increased eosinophils? |
-parasitism |
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Basophils |
-"Swiss-cheese" appearance -nucleus has a single lobe -cyctoplasmic granules contain histamine -cells participate in acute inflammatory hypersensitivity reactions *commonly seen w/ eosinophils |
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Monocytes |
-LARGE cells w/ medium-blue, foamy cytoplasm -most monocytes in birds do NOT have vacuoles -nucleus varies from round to horseshoe-shaped -fxn = destruction of foreign organisms and defense against infectious agents |
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Lymphocytes |
-most difficult to identify -round nucleus and pale blue cytoplasm -fxn = immune response -use cytoplasm color to identify under microscope |
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Thrombocytes |
-round to oval cell w/ a round to oval nucleus -cytoplasm is colorless to gray and frequently contains a few small azurophillic granules -potential phagocytic capabilities -generally fxn the same as mammal platelets |
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Methods to Determine WBC Count |
1. The Eosinophil Unopette System 2. Estimated Counts |
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How much blood is allowed to be taken from a bird for lab diagnostics? |
10% of 10% (1%) - any more might kill the bird |
