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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Out of Africa Hypothesis
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Modern humans evolved in Africa, migrated to Eurasia and replaced all populations
Evidence: 1. Genetic - Mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) 2. Skeletal 3. Cultural |
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Multiregional hypothesis
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Genes from all human populations of the Old World flowed between different regions and "mixing" together
Evidence: 1. Skeletal Evidence - Metric and Non-Metric traits show continuity 2. Cultural Evidence - Stone tool assemblages of the region also demonstrate continuity 3. Genetic Evidence - Molecular biologists have not reached a unanimous consensus on an appropriate rate of molecular evolution |
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Intermediate/Hybrid Hypotheses
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Humans originated in Africa, but gene flow, assimilation, and selection (not replacement) made people in other regions of the world "modern"
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What are the innovations/cultural changes of the Upper Paleolithic?
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1. Blade Technology: Many blades "peeled" off of single, pre-shaped, prepared core (mass produced)
2. New tool types 3. Spearthrowers 4. Bow and arrows 5. Domesticated dog 6. Art and Decoration |
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Six Long Term Trends of Upper Paleolithic
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1. Higher population densities
2. More regular social gatherings 3. More stylistic variability in stone artifacts 4. Increase in the use of bone and antler 5. Personal ornamentation 6. Getting stone and other tools from great distances away |
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Spear thrower and bow/arrow: how are these improved weapons?
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Gives hunters the ability to throw spears/arrows further distances with greater force
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Various different tool styles within the Upper Paleolithic - what do they mean?
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1. Stone blades - special form of elongated flake
A. Blades can be mass produced in large quantities from a single nodule of flint B. Blades provide a "blank" that can be shaped into other tools (projectile point, knives, drills, scraping tools) 2. Solutrean blades A. Used for spears, arrows, and knives 3. |
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Characteristics of the major styles or traditions?
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Art in the Upper Paleolithic (especially in Europe):
• Kinds of art? • Interpretations of each kind of art? • Characteristics of art? • Examples? |
Kinds of Art:
1. Portable: Proliferation of decorated objects after 35,000 YA 2. Murals: Cave Art (Mostly France and Spain) Interpretations: 1. Hunting Magic 2.Concern with fertility 3. For arts sake! |
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Theories behind the meaning of symbols and notation?
• Alexander Marshak • Examples? |
Alexander Marshak: microscopic analysis of engraved bones
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How and did people get to Australia?
What is the evidence for this? Examples! |
Humans had to cross the Sahul Strait by boat
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Sahul
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Australia joined New Guinea
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Sunda
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Islands of Southeast Asia joined to create a peninsula
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Wallace Line
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Distinct division in plant and animal life
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How did people get to the Americas?
Three theories: What are they and what is the evidence? Examples! |
1. By land (~13,000 YA)
2. By sea/coast (~14,000-30,000 YA) 3. Solutrean 17,000 YA |
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Disappearance of the megafauna = why?
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1. Climate change
2. Over hunting |
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What were the climate changes that occurred during the Holocene (especially in Europe, Near
East and North America)? |
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Agriculture is the devils bargain-- why?
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-It allows people to settle
-It ENCOURAGES people to settle A.Population growth -Fertility increases A.Economic incentive to have more children |
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Beringia
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Large ice/land mass where the Bering Strait is today
Populated by large herds of animal-- attractive to hunters |
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Mesolithic
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12,000-4,000 YA
Europe Ice sheets retreated, melted, causing sea levels to rise Tool changes: -Smaller tools -Stone tool tech became more standard Subsistence: -Plants/Animals available locally in abundance/predictable -Storage is important -Plant foods used more than ever -Specialized groups/technologies appear Europe: -Transition to forest = productive -Coastal use = more common |
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Archaic
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-North America (8,000 YA)
-Distinctive cultures developed -Southwest and west |
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Mesolithic/Archaic
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-Broad spectrum adaptation
-Increasing sedentism -Suggests increasing complexity |
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Agriculture
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activities that artificially increase plant food yields including herding animals
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Domestication
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genetic modification from the wild form to one that is more useful to people
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Primary Centers of Domestication
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Near East, sub-Saharan Africa, Central Mexico, South America, South China, North China, East U.S., New Guinea
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Neolithic
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"New Stone Age"
-Shift in stone tool technology A. Emphasizes grinding over flaking -Agriculture is main source of food Characterized by: -Agriculture -Permanent settlements -Social hierarchies -Religion and Trade |
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Agriculture (Cont)
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-Provides more food per unit area of land compared to foraging
-Agriculture is more "intensive" than foraging |
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Agriculture's Effect on Nutrition and Health
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-Less varied diet
-Increased arthritis -Increased disease -Increased fertility -Shorter life expectancy? |
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Agriculture's Effect on Culture
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-Accumulation of material goods = storage
-Surplus productions supports craftspeople and other specialists -Allows larger groups to live together -Social status, class, rank = beginning of complex social organization -Increased warfare |
