Archaeology Exam 2

Front 1

What is the most stable kind of adaptation?

Back 1

Hunting/gathering

Front 2

How many people made of groups?

Back 2

30-40

Front 3

How was leadership during early cultures?

Back 3

informal & temporary

Front 4

Where were most settlements during early cultures?

Back 4

Caves

Front 5

What kept populations small and healthy?

Back 5

natural selection

Front 6

3 cultures of the big game hunting tradition & order?

Back 6

Clovis, Folsom, Plano

Front 7

How many mammoths/mastodons did the Clovis kill at a time?

Back 7

1

Front 8

What is the diagnostic stone tool of the Clovis people?

Back 8

Clovis projectile point

Front 9

What material was used to tie point to spear?

Back 9

tendons

Front 10

What type of flaking was used to shape Clovis tips?

Back 10

Percussion flaking

Front 11

How long were Clovis tips?

Back 11

3-6"

Front 12

What were the 2 killing techniques of the clovis people?

Back 12

marsh trapping

attacking from atop cliff

Front 13

What site is home to the oldest evidence of human burial?

Back 13

Anzick (Montana)

Front 14

What was placed on the bodies of the first human burials?

Back 14

red ochre & broken spears

Front 15

What were the 4 types of sites of the Clovis people?

Back 15

caves

camps

kill sites

stone quarries

Front 16

What site in NM provides the sequence of the Big Game Hunting Tradition cultures?

Back 16

Black Water Draw

Front 17

What became extinct at the time of the Folsom culture?

Back 17

Mammoth & mastodon

Front 18

What was the largest megafauna for the Folsom culture?

Back 18

long horned bison

Front 19

What was the kill technique of the Folsom?

Back 19

surround kill (overkill)

Front 20

How long were the points used by the folsom?

Back 20

2"

Front 21

What type of flaking was used by Folsom?

Back 21

Pressure flaking

Front 22

How did the Folsom point differ from the Clovis point?

Back 22

shorter

larger flute

concave base

Front 23

What tool did the Folsom use to throw spear?

Back 23

Atl-atl

Front 24

What 3 sites contain information about Folsom culture?

Back 24

Folsom (CO)

Black Water Draw (NM)

Thunder Bird (VA)

Front 25

Where was the earliest evidence of housing structure in N. America found?

Back 25

Thunder Bird (VA)

Front 26

What animal became extinct at the beginning of the Plano culture?

Back 26

Long horned bison

Front 27

What type of flaking was used by Plano people?

Back 27

Pressure flaking

Front 28

What technology with stone was used to preserve food and allow teeth to become more expendable?

Back 28

grinding/milling stone

Front 29

What are the 3 culture of the Eastern Woodlands (order)?

Back 29

Archaic

Woodland

Mississippian

Front 30

How did hunting/gathering evolve in the Archaic tradition?

Back 30

everything available: fish, shellfish, deer

Front 31

Why were base camps developed by Archaic people?

Back 31

access to resources

able to store excess foods

gradual increase in population

Front 32

What culture developed the plummet?

Back 32

Archaic

Front 33

What Archaic tool was used as a hoe?

Back 33

adze

Front 34

What Archaic tool was a small axe used to remove bark and branches?

Back 34

celt

Front 35

What stone object was placed on chests upon burial?

Back 35

gorget

Front 36

What was used for trade in Great Lakes region ad along east coast?

Back 36

GL - copper

EC - shells

Front 37

When did the introduction of ceramic technology take place?

Back 37

2000 BC

Front 38

4 points of ceramic technology:

Back 38

storing, transporting liquids

food processing

food easier to digest

decorated according to groups

Front 39

How did food collecting change during Archaic?

Back 39

From hunting/gathering to agriculture

Front 40

How did social organization change during Archaic?

Back 40

from egalitarian to class differentiation

Front 41

What was the most coveted metal during the Archaic?

Back 41

copper

Front 42

8 points of Archaic:

Back 42

broad subsistence base

base camps

polishing

copper

social differentiation

trade

ceramics

agriculture

Front 43

What are the 2 culture of the Woodland tradition?

Back 43

Adena & Hopewell

Front 44

What are the gradual consequences of agriculture? (5)

Back 44

surplus

sedentism

trade

social differentiation

population increases

Front 45

What 3 mexican plants were domesticated by the Adena?

Back 45

gourd

bean

pumpkin

Front 46

What % of food was provided by agriculture during Adena?

Back 46

50% & 50% hunting/gathering

Front 47

What type of social organization developed during the Mississippian tradtition?

Back 47

incorporation of everybody under a centralized state authority

Front 48

What weapon appeared during the Miss. tradition?

Back 48

bow & arrow

Front 49

What city was formed during Miss. tradition?

Back 49

Cahokia

Front 50

How may people lived in Cahokia?

Back 50

40,000

Front 51

What were the reasons for the decline of the Miss. tradition?

Back 51

overuse of topsoil

competition over land

Front 52

What were the 3 major influences of Mexico on the desert tradition?

Back 52

replacement of h/g with farming

ceramics

semi-subterranean pit-house

Front 53

What 3 cultures occurred simultaneously during the SW tradition?

Back 53

Anasazi

Hohokam

Mogollan

Front 54

What terrain did the Anasazi people inhabit?

Back 54

mountains (Pueblo Bonito & Mesa Verde)

Front 55

What terrain did the Hohokam people inhabit?

Back 55

flat, desert

Front 56

What type of farming did the Hohokam people do?

Back 56

irrigation farming

Front 57

Where did the Mongollan people inhabit?

Back 57

rugged mountains of Northern Mexico

Front 58

How did the Mongollan people gather resources?

Back 58

Traded cotton for other food

Front 59

What were the reasons of decline of the SW tradition prior to Spanish invasion?

Back 59

droughts

competition over land/water