Aqa History Medicine Through Time

Front 1

What is the problems of evidence from the prehistoric times?

Back 1

1.) Difficult to find evidence.

2.) Difficult to know whether evidence is interpreted correctly as nothing is written down.

3.) Skeleton at the site may not represent all ages that lived the4re.

4.) Few sites contain whole skeletons.

5.) Bones may have been damaged in evacuation.

6.) Skeletons cannot tell us what early man believed.

Hint 1

There is 6 points.

Front 2

Why else might you find a skull in a prehistoric site?

Back 2

Because some skulls may have been enemies of the tribes and have been kept as trophies.

Front 3

What can we find out about a skeleton from pre-historic times?

Back 3

1.) Whether they had bone diseases.

2.) Their dental health.

3.) Their age of death.

Hint 3

There is 3 points

Front 4

What evidence can anthropologists find from modern day sources?

Back 4

They can study primitive groups such as he aborgines which survived into the modern age and it can suggest reasons for certain practices.

Front 5

What are the key features of Rome after the birth of Christ to the destruction of Rome?

Back 5

1.) Growth of army and conquest of Europe.

2.) Building of baths, aqueducts and health facilities all over empire.

3.) Growth and adoption of Christianity.

4.) Increasing use of Greek medicine from Hippocrates.

5.) Work of Claudias Galen and other Greek Doctors.

6.) Continued use of herbs and commonsense medicine for ordinary people.

Hint 5

There is 6 points

Front 6

What type of public health facilities did the Romans build over Britain?

Back 6

1.) Baths.

2.) Public toilets.

3.) Hospitals.

4.) Religious healing centre at baths.

5.) Underground pipes for sewage.

6.) Clay pipes coated with concrete to bring fresh water into Lincoln.

7.) Aqueducts.

Hint 6

There is 7 points

Front 7

What are some of the problems with the public health facilities the Roman's built?

Back 7

1.) Facilities provided were primitive compared with modern sanitation.

2.) Would get blocked when weather was dry.

3.) No evidence of fresh water supply or toilets in ordinary houses.

4.) Facilities may have only been built to impress local British rulers so they would support invading Romans.

Hint 7

There is 4 points

Front 8

What are some of the things Galen is most known for?

Back 8

1.) Treated Emperor.

2.) Dissected pigs.

3.) Wrote a book which took ideas from:

- India

- Theory of 4 humours

- Human dissection at

Alexandria

Hint 8

There is 3 points

Front 9

Why did Galen become famous in the Roman Empire?

Back 9

1.) Treated famous people successfully.

2.) Praised his own work in public.

Hint 9

There is 2 points

Front 10

How long was Galen's writings respected by doctors throughout Europe and western Asia?

Back 10

For the next 1500 years.

Front 11

What did people in the prehistoric times, ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and ancient Rome think caused and cured disease?

Back 11

Prehistoric: The role of plants and magic.

Ancient Egypt: Blocked bodily channels or evil spirits as reasons for disease.

Ancient Greece: Treatment by visiting an Asklepion or a doctor who uses 4 humours.

Ancient Rome: Preventation of disease through public health or visiting Greek doctor.

Front 12

What did people of Prehistoric, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Romans learn about anatomy and surgery?

Back 12

Prehistoric: Trephination and practical knowlege of anatomy.

Ancient Egypt: Mummification or knowlege of body gained from sacrificing animals.

Ancient Greece: Human dissection in Alexandria.

Ancient Rome: Work of Claudias Galen.

Front 13

What was public health like Prehistoric times, Ancient Egypt, Ancient Greece, and Ancient Rome?

Back 13

Prehistoric: Nomadic lifestyle.

Ancient Egypt: The development of towns and farming in the ancient world.

Ancient Greece: Importance of hygiene and excercise in ancient medical writing.

Ancient Rome: Government promotion of public health by the Romans.

Front 14

What things caused change or held back the development of medical knowledge in the ancient world?

Back 14

1.) Warfare.

2.) Chance.

3.) Science and technology.

4.) Government and political action.

5.) The work of specific individuals.

6.) Religion and superstition.

Hint 14

There is 6 points

Front 15

What prevented the development of medicine during the dark ages?

Back 15

The fall of the Roman Empire impacted the development of medicine during the dark ages.

Front 16

How did people learn about the cause, preventation and cure of medicine during the early middle ages and what stalled their learning?

Back 16

The Islamic empire established a hospital in Baghdad and centre of learning.

Impact of superstition on Europeon medicine.

Front 17

What did the early middle age doctors rely on for their knowlege of anatomy and surgery?

Back 17

The relied on the works of Hippocrates and Galen.

Front 18

What are the main differences between Prehistoric Times and ancient Egypt?

Back 18

1.) Egyptians were not nomadic and their 'civilised' lifestyle gave them time to think about their beliefs and attitudes to religion.

2.) Medicine still based on religion and illness though to be caused by the gods. But were beginnings of natural medicine as some doctors pescribed natural cures for patients.

3.) Egyptians were the first to treat medicine as a profession.

4.) They could write unlike prehistoric people, so their knowlege could be passed on to future generations.

Hint 18

There is 4 points

Front 19

Who did the Ancient Egyptians believed were the gods and goddesses of illness and medicine?

Back 19

1.) Imhotep was a doctor to pharoahs who they thought became a god after his death.

2.) Sekhmet was a goddess who caused and cured epidemics.

Hint 19

There is 2 points

Front 20

How would the Ancient Egyptians drive away evil spirits?

Back 20

1.) Wearing charms e.g scarab beatle.

2.) Using herbal cures or drugs. (Did not think drugs brought about natural cure but drove away evil spirits.

Hint 20

There is 2 points

Front 21

What is some of the main points about the Ancient Egyptians?

Back 21

1.) Prepared bodies for the return of soul in the after life. (Mummification).

2.) Very reilgious.

3.) Used natural cures.

4.) First society to use writing and calculating.

Hint 21

There is 4 points

Front 22

What is some of the main points about Ancient Greece?

Back 22

1.) Logical theories about the natural world.

2.) They believed in the four humours.

3.) Believed in gods.

4.) Philosophers like Aristotle and Hippocrates

1.) Believed in logic and

mathematics.

2.) Were more interested in

using natural ideas to

explain medicine and

health.

Hint 22

There is 4 points

Front 23

What are some of the main points about Ancient Rome?

Back 23

1.) Strong government and large army.

2.) Conquered Ancient Egypt and Greece.

3.) Things they built like baths and aqueducts survive all over the world.

4.) People from ancient societies lived in town.

Hint 23

There is 4 points

Front 24

What are the main features of Ancient Egypt's medicine and society?

Back 24

1.) The importance of the river nile to Egyptian life and farming.

2.) How they used gods to explain why crops grew and people became ill.

3.) Mummification was a religious practice but it also taught the Egyptians about the anatomy.

4.) Farming and trade created wealth and leisure time.

5.) Connection between wealth, religion, and growing number of professional doctors.

6.) Natural remedies.

Hint 24

There is 6 points

Front 25

What was Aristotle's key feautures of thinking?

Back 25

1.) Observation of real world.

2.) Dissection of animals.

3.) Studied and explained connections between the heart, brain, and blood vessels.

Hint 25

There is 3 points

Front 26

What non drug remedies does the hippocratic treaties refer to?

Back 26

1.) Blood letting.

2.) Special diets.

3.) Baths.

4.) Excercise or rests.

5.) Application of heat or cold.

Hint 26

There is 5 points

Front 27

What were the key features of Hippocrate's medicine?

Back 27

1.) The rejection of magic.

2.) Clinical observation like tempreture of blood pressure.

3.) The four humours.

4.) Preventative medicine like excercise or baths.

5.) The hippocratic oath.

Hint 27

There is 5 points

Front 28

What are some of the key features of Ancient Greece's medicine and society?

Back 28

1.) The importance of physical fittness and excercise.

2.) Importance of Alexandria as a uni and library where doctors could dissect human bodies.

3.) Importance of trade in giving Greek's contact with ideas from iNdia, CHina, and Egypt.

Hint 28

Theree is 3 points

Front 29

What are some of the key features of the Ancient Roman society?

Back 29

1.) Importance of farming.

2.) Growth of trade in Medditerranean area.

3.) Conquest of Greece.

4.) Development of Rome.

Hint 29

There is 4 points

Front 30

What are some key features of medicine in the early days of Ancient Rome?

Back 30

1.) Family remedies passed down from father to son.

2.) Religious healing (based on gods from Greece.

3.) Herb and plant remedies.

4.) Hostility to new ideas from well educated Greek doctors who came to Italy.

Hint 30

There is 4 points

Front 31

Why were women allowed to train as doctors in Ancient Greece after a time?

Back 31

Because the woman doctor Hagnodice was a success.

Hagnodice was a woman who trained and practised as a doctor by disguising herself as a man.

Front 32

What was Ancient Greece important for?

Back 32

- Advances in anatomy

- The beginnings of a scientific approach to medicine (especially clinical observation)

- Doctors trained in Alexandria spreading ideas.

Front 33

What treatments did Galen develop?

Back 33

The Use of Opposites which were linked to Hippocrates' four humours. He treated people with the opposite of their ailment e.g. for a cold he might prescribe a hot bath and pepper.

Front 34

Why did the romans need a public health system?

Back 34

Rome had grown into an overcrowded city.

And the romans wanted a healthy empire and healthy soldiers to protect it.

Front 35

Why was clean water very important to the Romans?

Back 35

Even though they didn't know about germs, their observations told them that disease might be caused by 7 things including sewage, bad air, and dirty water.

Front 36

Other than the cause and cure of disease, what other aspects of medicine regressed during the Middle Ages?

Back 36

Public health and medical learning were also very limited. Some governments were not organised and did not see the importance of hygiene. Education was often restricted to monks and natural ideas were not encouraged, as these would be against God and the Church. Knowledge from Roman and Greek times were lost to all but a few.

Front 37

In the Middle Ages or Medieval period what would they do to cure themselves?

Back 37

Pray

Specially blessed potion

Pilgrimage

Flagellate (whipping yourself as punishment for your sins.)

Front 38

In the Middle ages or Medieval period universities were controlled by the Church, what did they insist explained everything?

Back 38

The Bible

Hippocrates

Galen

Front 39

Why were Galen's ideas accepted in the Middle Ages?

Back 39

Because they did not rule out a God, but no one could criticise him and very few even studied him in detail.

Front 40

What lead to more knowledge and to the establishment of medical schools?

Back 40

Increased contact with the Islamic world through trade and the Crusades.

Front 41

Why was dissection not accepted in the middle ages or medieval period and what did this result in?

Back 41

Because it would prevent the person going to heaven. This resulted in limited progress in anatomy, physiology and surgery.

Front 42

By about what time did the CHurch begin to allow public dissections in universities and some revisions of Galen?

Back 42

About 1300

Front 43

What is one similatrity between the Prehistoric times and the Ancient Egyptians?

Back 43

They both believed that illness was caused by evil spirits entering the body, and to cure it the evil spirit had to be driven away.

Front 44

What is meant by Trephinning?

Back 44

This is what prehistoric people did to let out demons from the head by carving a hole into the patients head. The amazing thing is that people actually survived this process.

Front 45

What stalled the Ancient Greeks on the discovery of human anatomy?

Back 45

Because Greek doctors were not interested in anatomy and the dissection of humans was forbidden.

Front 46

Who was Aristotle?

Back 46

He was a biologist and philospher from Ancient Greece who taught the anatomy of animals since there was not a ban on animal dissection.

Front 47

What did hippocratic doctors believe?

Back 47

They believed in healing power of nature.

Front 48

Even though the Romans believed in herbal and natural cures why were they against Greek doctors?

Back 48

One military leader said "They disapproved of medicine as a job."