Appendicular Skeleton

Front 1

The appendicular skeleton includes...

Back 1

the bones of the upper and lower limbs and their supporting elements, the PECTORAL GIRDLE and PELVIC GIRDLE that attach them to the axial skeleton.

Front 2

Pectoral Girdle

Back 2

-or shoulder girdle

-consists of : CLAVICLE and SCAPULA.

-positions shoulder joint and provides a base for arm movement. The only direct connection between the girdle and the axial skeleton is the articulation of clavicle within the sternum.

Front 3

Clavicle

Back 3

connects the pectoral girdle to the axial skeleton.

Front 4

Features of the Clavicle:

1.Sternal end-

Back 4

roughly pyramidal attachment to the sternum

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2. Acromial End-

Back 5

-flatter and broader attachment to the acromion of the scapula.

-Superior surface directly under skin is smooth

-Inferior surface had attainment sites for ligaments

Front 6

Clavicle attachment sites for ligaments:

Back 6

Conoid tubercle- at acromial end

Costal tuberosity- at sternal end

Front 7

Scapula:

Back 7

-Body of scapula forms a broad triangle.

-3 sides of the triangle are places where muscles attach and are:

1. Superior border

2. Medial (vertebral) border

3. Lateral ( axillary) border

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The corners of the triangle are:

Back 8

1. Superior angle (medial end of superior border)

2. Inferior angle

3. Lateral angle

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The lateral angle forms a broad process that supports the cup-shaped......

Back 9

-GLENOID CAVITY (FOSSA).

-AKA HEAD OF THE SCAPULA and is connected to the BODY OF THE SCAPULA by the rounded NECK.

Front 10

Coracoid Process-

Back 10

smaller anterior projection. The SUPRASCAPULAR NOTCH is an indentation medial to the base of the coracoid process.

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Acromion-

Back 11

larger posterior process. Is continuous with the SCAPULAR SPINE bridge that extends on the medial border.

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The bored flat surfaces on the scapula are called fossa and include:

1. Subscapular fossa-

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the concave anterior surface on the body of the scapula

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2. Supraspinous fossa-

Back 13

the flat surface superior to the scapular spine

Front 14

3. Infraspinous fossa-

Back 14

the flat surface inferior to the scapular spine.

Front 15

Upper Limb

Humerus-

1. Head:

Back 15

smooth and round, superior and medial portion of the epiphysis that articulates with the glenoiid cavity.

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2. Greater tubercle-

Back 16

large projection lateral to the head

Front 17

3. Lesser tubercle-

Back 17

smaller projection on the anterior and medial surface of the epiphysis.

Front 18

4. Intertubercular groove-

Back 18

groove separating the greater and lesser tubercles

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5. Anatomical neck-

Back 19

constriction distal to the head of the humerus

Front 20

6. Surgical neck-

Back 20

constriction distal to tubercles and head of the lateral side of the shaft. Deltoid muscle attaches here.

Front 21

7. Deltoid tuberosity-

Back 21

elevated, roughened surface on the lateral see of the shaft. Deltoid muscle attaches here.

Front 22

8. Diaphysis (Shaft)-

Back 22

the proximal shaft is cylindrical. The distal shaft flares to form a flatter triangular portion

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9. Medial and lateral epicondyles-

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the flared distal ends of the humerus on either side of the articular surface. Muscles attach here

Front 24

10. Condyle-

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--The inferior articular surface of the humerus that articulates with the ulna and the radius.

Front 25

The articular condylar surface is divided into:

1. Trochlea (pulley)-

Back 25

spool-shaped medial portion that articulates with the ulna.

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2.Capitulum-

Back 26

rounded lateral portion that articulates with the head of the radius

Front 27

Depressions above the condyle accommodate proximal parts of the radius and ulna when the elbow joint is fully flexed and extend. These include:

1. Coronoid Fossa-

Back 27

accepts coronoid process on the anterior surface during flexion

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2. Olecranon Fossa-

Back 28

accepts olecranon of the ulna during extension.

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3. Radial Fossa-

Back 29

accepts head of radius during flexion.

Front 30

Ulna:

Back 30

is the medial bone of the forearm. The proximal end of the ulna articulates with the humerus

Front 31

Features of the Ulna:

1. Olecranon-

Back 31

superior and posterior portion of the epiphysis that forms the point of the elbow.

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2. Trochlear (semilunar) notch -

Back 32

anterior portion that interlocks with the groove of the trochlea.

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3. Coronoid process-

Back 33

forms the inferior lip of the trochlear notch

Front 34

4. Radial notch-

Back 34

lateral to the coronoid process, this notch accommodates the radial head..

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The distal end of the ulna narrows and shows the following features:

1. Ulnar head-

Back 35

disc-shaped distal part

Front 36

2. Styloid process-

Back 36

short process posterior to the ulnar head

Front 37

Radius

Back 37

is the lateral bone of the forearm.

Front 38

The proximal radius has:

1. Radial head:

Back 38

disc-shaped head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus

Front 39

2. Radial tuberosity-

Back 39

the attachment site for the BICEPS BRACHII muscles.

Front 40

the distal radius widens to the:

Back 40

DISTAL EXTREMITY- distal portion of the radius that forms the proximal side of the wrist joint.

Front 41

Features found at the distal extremity:

1. Styloid process-

Back 41

process on lateral side of distal extremity stabilizes the wrist joint.

Front 42

2. Ulnar notch of radius-

Back 42

notch on the medial side articulates with the ulnar head.

Front 43

Carpal Bones-

Back 43

there are 8 carpal (wrist) bones, FOUR proximal and four distal.. The bones are connected by moveable joints that permit them to slide and twist.

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1. Proximal carpal bones:

from lateral to medial:

a. Scaphoid (boat-like) bone-

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adjacent to styloid process of radius

Front 45

b. Lunate (moon-like) bone-

Back 45

articulate with radius along with the scaphoid

Front 46

c. Triquetrum (triangular) bone-

Back 46

shaped like a pyramid.

Front 47

Pisiform (pea-shaped) bone-

Back 47

small bone that lies anterior to the triquetrum.

Front 48

Distal carpal bones

from lateral to medial:

1. Trapezium -

Back 48

forms a proximal articulation with the scaphoid

Front 49

2. Trapezoid bones-

Back 49

wedge-shaped bone that also has a proximal articulation with the scaphoid.

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3. Capitate (having a head) bone-

Back 50

largest carpal bone

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4. Hamate ( hooked) bone-

Back 51

hook-shaped bone

Front 52

Metacarpal Bones-

Back 52

The metacarpal bones are bones that support the palm and articulate with the distal carpal bones. They are numbered with the Roman numeral (I-V) from the lateral to medial. Each has a wide proximal BASE, a middle BODY, and a distal HEAD.

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Phalanges:

Back 53

There are 14 finger bones with there in each finger (proximal, middle and distal) with the exception of the thumb, also called the POLLEX, which has only two (proximal and distal).

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The Pelvic Girdle:

Back 54

is more massive than the pectoral girdle because of the greater stresses involved in weight nearing and locomotion. The pelvic girdle also supports and protects the lower viscera. The pelvic girdle consists of the SACRUM and COCCYX and the two OSSA COXA (sing. os coxae).

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Os Coxae-

Back 55

the ossa coax result from the fusion of the ilium, ischium and pubis. At the place where the three bones meet there is the:

ACETABULUM- curves surface that articulates with the head of the femur.

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Within the acetabulum are found:

1. Lunate surface-

Back 56

smooth curved, c-shaped surface. An anterior surface and inferior gap in this surface is called the ACETABULAR NOTCH

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2. Acetabular Fossa-

Back 57

the dished-out space enclosed by the lunate surface