Ap2 Midterm Respiratory

Front 1

Place the respiratory structures into the order that air would pass through them during a normal inspiration.

Back 1

Trachea

Primary bronchus

Secondary bronchus

Tertiary bronchus

Bronchiole

Terminal bronchiole

Respiratory bronchiole

Alveolar duct

Alveolar sac

Alveolus

Front 2

What's the respiration variation?

Labored, gasping breathing

Back 2

Dyspnea

Front 3

What's the respiration variation?

Increased pulmonary ventilation

Back 3

Hyperventilation

Front 4

What's the respiration variation?

Rapid breathing induced by acidosis

Back 4

Kussmaul Respiration

Front 5

What's the respiration variation?

Temporary cessation of breathing

Back 5

Apnea

Front 6

What's the respiration variation?

Dyspnea when lying down

Back 6

Orthopnea

Front 7

What's the respiration variation?

Increased breathing in response to exercise

Back 7

Hyperpnea

Front 8

What's the respiration variation?

Reduced pulmonary ventilation

Back 8

Hypoventilation

Front 9

What's the respiration variation?

Accelerated respiration

Back 9

Tachyapnea

Front 10

Increase or Decrease Respiration?

Stimulation of stretch receptors in the lungs

Back 10

Decrease

Front 11

Increase or Decrease Respiration?

Activation of irritant receptors in the airway

Back 11

Decrease

Front 12

Increase or Decrease Respiration?

A decrease in pH of the CSF

Back 12

Increase

Front 13

Increase or Decrease Respiration?

Stimulation of proprioceptors in skeletal muscles

Back 13

Increase

Front 14

Increase or Decrease Respiration?

Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

Back 14

Increase

Front 15

Increase or Decrease Respiration?

Stimulation of pain receptors

Back 15

Increase

Front 16

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

It is the primary means of controlling resistance.

Back 16

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 17

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

It is constrained by cartilages in larger passageways.

Back 17

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 18

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

Sympathetic stimulation increases this.

Back 18

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 19

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

It is most affected during anaphylactic shock.

Back 19

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 20

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

Histamine causes it to reduce airflow.

Back 20

Diameter of Bronchiole

Front 21

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

It affects the lung volume relative to a pressure change.

Back 21

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 22

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

It is affected by scar tissue, which stiffens the lungs.

Back 22

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 23

Diameter of Bronchiole OR Pulmonary Compliance?

It is increased by the presence of surfactant

Back 23

Pulmonary Compliance

Front 24

Which Law?

Despite a small partial pressure gradient from the respiring tissues to the blood, we know that carbon dioxide is capable of rapid diffusion due to its high solubility.

Back 24

Henry's

Front 25

Which Law?

Knowing that the total pressure of three gases (A, B, and C) is equal to 10 mm Hg, we can calculate the partial pressure of C provided we know that PA=6 mm Hg, and PB= 1 mm Hg

Back 25

Dalton's Law

Front 26

Which Law?

We know that a known volume of air entering the lungs increases when its temperature is increased by the respiratory mucosae.

Back 26

Charles Law

Front 27

Which Law?

We know that the volume of intrapulmonary gas is lower following expiration due to the increased pressure of the thoracic cavity

Back 27

Boyle's Law

Front 28

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Increasing blood pH

Back 28

Hyper

Front 29

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Stimulation of the dorsal respiratory group

Back 29

Hyper

Front 30

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Increasing blood Po₂

Back 30

Hyper

Front 31

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Haldane effect & Bohr effect

Back 31

Hypo

Front 32

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Increasing carbaminohemoglobin levels

Back 32

Hypo

Front 33

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Decreasing blood pH

Back 33

Hypo

Front 34

Hyper or Hypoventilation?

Increase blood PCO2

Back 34

Hypo

Front 35

Decreased or Increased Airflow?

Decreased levels of surfactant

Back 35

Decreased

Front 36

Decreased or Increased Airflow?

Scar tissue from tuberculosis

Back 36

Decreased

Front 37

Decreased or Increased Airflow?

An anaphylactic reaction caused by bee sting

Back 37

Decreased

Front 38

Decreased or Increased Airflow?

Aerobic exercise which improves pulmonary compliance

Back 38

Increased

Front 39

Decreased or Increased Airflow?

Bronchodilation caused by using an inhaler to treat asthma

Back 39

Increased

Front 40

Decreased or Increased Airflow?

Breathing sub­zero air

Back 40

Decreased

Front 41

The ____A_______ is the primary generator of the respiratory rhythm.

The ___B____ issues output to the VRG that modifies the respiratory rhythm to adapt to varying conditions.

The _____C________ receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to both the DRG and VRG.

Monitoring CO₂ levels by detecting pH of the CSF is the function of ___D___.

Metabolic acidosis would stimulate the __E____ leading to an increase in their rate of respiration.

Back 41

A) ventral respiratory group, B) dorsal respiratory group, C) pontine respiratory group,

D) central chemoreceptors , E) peripheral chemoreceptors

Front 42

During inspiration, the pressure in the alveoli is ______ than the atmospheric pressure.

Back 42

less

Front 43

When the diaphragm muscle contracts, the pressure in the alveoli will _______.

Back 43

decrease

Front 44

As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli As the intercostal muscles relax and the thoracic cavity becomes smaller, the pressure in the alveoli _____.

Back 44

increases

Front 45

The ________ is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration.

Back 45

residual volume

Front 46

The volume of air exchanged during normal breathing is called the _______.

Back 46

tidal volume

Front 47

After a normal inspiration, the amount of air that can then be inspired forcefully is called the ________

Back 47

inspiratory reserve volume.

Front 48

If you subtract the residual volume from the total lung capacity, you get the_______

Back 48

vital capacity.

Front 49

The vital capacity minus the _________ equals the inspiratory capacity.

Back 49

expiratory reserve volume

Front 50

The effects of obstructive diseases such as asthma or emphysema may be determined by measuring the f_____

Back 50

forced expiratory volume.

Front 51

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?

Temp increase?

Back 51

Decreases

Front 52

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?

Decreased PH

Back 52

Decreases

Front 53

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?

Heavy Excerise?

Back 53

Decreases

Front 54

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?

Decreased PCO2

Back 54

Increases

Front 55

Increase or decrease in oxyhemoglobin levels?

Increased PO2

Back 55

Increases

Front 56

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?

Blood levels of hydrogen ions decrease

Back 56

Decrease

Front 57

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?

Blood pH increases

Back 57

Decrease

Front 58

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?

Blood pH decreases

Back 58

Increase

Front 59

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?

Levels of CO₂ in the blood increase

Back 59

Increase

Front 60

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?

Arterial Po₂ drops below 60 mm Hg

Back 60

Increase

Front 61

Decrease or increase respiratory rhythm?

Blood levels of hydrogen ions increase

Back 61

Increase

Front 62

Emphysema is COPD that may lead to?

Back 62

Alveolar wall breakdown

Reduced respiratory membrane surface area and gas exchange

Hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and respiratory acidosis

PolycythemiaCor pulmonale

Front 63

Which Hypoxia?

A state of low arterial Po₂due to poor pulmonary gas exchange

Back 63

Hypoxemic Hypoxia

Front 64

Which Hypoxia?

Due to the inability of the blood to carry adequate oxygen

Back 64

Anemic Hypoxia

Front 65

Which Hypoxia?

Occurs when a poison prevents the tissues from using oxygen

Back 65

Histotoxic Hypoxia

Front 66

Which Hypoxia?

Results from inadequate circulation of the blood

Back 66

Ischemic Hypoxia

Front 67

Of the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is sOf the three forms of lung cancer, the most common is squamous-cell carcinoma. ____.

In this type,____ develop bleeding lesions as the dividing epithelial invade the bronchiole wall.

Back 67

squamous-cell carcinoma, bronchi

Front 68

Adenocarcinoma, originates in the ____ glands of the lamina propria.

Back 68

mucous

Front 69

The least common but most dangerous is ______, which easily and quickly metastasizes to other organs.

Back 69

small-cell carcinoma

Front 70

High altitude training and mountain climbing would be examples where the body encounters _______ as a result of lower than normal partial pressures of oxygen.

Back 70

hypoxemic hypoxia

Front 71

Conditions where circulation is compromised resulting in poor blood flow, as is seen with heart disease, would be an example of ________.

Back 71

ischemic hypoxia

Front 72

Caused by a reduced number of red blood cells, ______ is characterized by insufficient oxygen in the blood.

Back 72

anemic hypoxia

Front 73

Oftentimes, poisons might interfere with the body's ability to utilize or transport oxygen, thus causing ____.

Back 73

histotoxic hypoxia

Front 74

Regardless of the type of hypoxia, ______, or bluing of the skin, is a primary sign of oxygen deficient tissues.

Back 74

cyanosis

Front 75

__________ is used to sustain metabolic activities within the cells, and ___________ is produced as a result of these activities.

Back 75

O2, CO2

Front 76

Under normal conditions, the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the tissues is __________ than the partial pressure of carbon dioxide within the systemic capillaries.

Back 76

higher

Front 77

The unloading of oxygen at the tissues results in the formation of __________ . This configuration of hemoglobin __________ carbon dioxide.

Back 77

deoxyhemoglobin, more readily binds to

Front 78

Under normal conditions, the region expected to have the lowest PCO2 is the ___________________

Back 78

atmosphere

Front 79

If the atmospheric Pressure(CO2) exceeded the alveolar Pressure(CO2) the pulmonary capillary Pressure(CO2) would ________________________

Back 79

increase well above normal range

Front 80

A person suffering from hypercapnia compensates by ____________________ ventilation.

Back 80

increasing

Front 81

Respiratory gases cross the respiratory membrane by ___________________

Back 81

simple diffusion

Front 82

Which environment separated by the respiratory membrane would display the highest oxygen partial pressure?

Back 82

Alveolar Air

Front 83

Surfactant is produced by __________________

Back 83

Type II pnuemonocytes

Front 84

Increased production of surfactant would __________________

Back 84

result in an increase in the thickness of the respiratory membrane which would decrease diffusion of respiratory gases

Front 85

Insufficient surfactant production would result in __________________

Back 85

possible lung collapse

Front 86

Carbon dioxide enters the blood at the _____________________ capillaries. Here, some of the carbon dioxide binds to the _____________ region of hemoglobin.

Back 86

Systemic, globin

Front 87

The empirical formula for bicarbonate is ________________.

Back 87

HCO3-

Front 88

Carbon dioxide goes through a series of reactions resulting in the formation of bicarbonate. Where does this reaction occur?

Back 88

systemic capillaries

Front 89

Carbonic anhydrase is found in the _______________ where it directly catalyzes the formation of ____________________

Back 89

red blood cells, CO2 gas into carbonic acid

Front 90

Blood pH decreases in response to ________________________

Back 90

the disassociation of carbonic acid into bicarbonate and H+ ions

Front 91

Renal retention of bicarbonate _______________ blood pH acting as a compensatory mechanism for the condition of respiratory ____________________________

Back 91

increases, acidosis

Front 92

Hypoventilation results in a(n) _________________ in the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, which may result in respiratory ___________________________

Back 92

increase, acidosis

Front 93

Oxygen unloading occurs at the __________.This process causes a(n) __________ in the oxygen partial pressure of the blood leaving this region.

Back 93

tissue, decrease

Front 94

Decreased Pressure(CO2) results in an increase in blood pH levels. Both of these conditions result in a shift of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to the ______________________. This shift _______________ hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen.

Back 94

left, increases

Front 95

Under normal conditions, the alveolar oxygen partial pressure is ______________________ than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure.

Back 95

always lower

Front 96

Oxygen molecules bind ___________________ of the hemoglobin.

Back 96

specifically to the heme reigon

Front 97

A single hemoglobin displaying a saturation level of 75% would be bound to ___________________________

Back 97

Three O2 molecule

Front 98

he binding of CO to hemoglobin causes the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve to ___________________

Back 98

shift to the left indicating that carboxyhemoglobin is less likely to release bound O2

Front 99

Acute carbon monoxide poisoning would result in ____________________ of the tissues because oxygen ____________________

Back 99

Hypoxia, is not released from hemoglobin in sufficient amounts at the tissues.

Front 100

If intrapulmonary pressure was 760 mm Hg, what would you expect the intrapleural pressure to be?

Back 100

756mm Hg

Front 101

Contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles results in ____________ in the thoracic volume which results in _______________ of the intrapulmonary pressure.

Back 101

an increase, a decrease

Front 102

Negative pressure ventilation, demonstrated by iron lungs, allows a person to breathe by producing an intermittent negative pressure that moves across the chest and diaphragm. This specific action would artificially induce the intrapulmonary pressure to _____________ atmospheric pressure thus resulting in ______________

Back 102

drop below, inspiration

Front 103

When this negative pressure stops being applied, the lungs __________________and the intrapulmonary pressure __________________

Back 103

recoil, increase

Front 104

When using positive pressure ventilators, what triggers the elastic recoil of the lung, and what does this action cause?

Back 104

airway pressure reaching zero, expiration