A&p Test 2 Review

Front 1

epithelial tissue

Back 1

covers surfaces, lines inside of organs and body cavities and forms glands

Front 2

connective tissue

Back 2

protects and supports body, binds organs together, provides immunity

Front 3

muscle tissue

Back 3

movement and generation of heat

Front 4

nervous tissue

Back 4

initiate and transmits impulses (action potentials ) that control and coordinate the functioning of the body

Front 5

simple epithelium

Back 5

single layer of cells. functions: covers surfaces, allows diffusion of gases, filters blood, secretes cellular products and absorbs nutrients

Front 6

stratified epithelium

Back 6

2 or more layers of cells. mostly found in areas of high wear and tear. function: selective movement of materials, protection

Front 7

squamous epithelial cells

Back 7

flat cells (skin). allows substances to diffuse through and filter.

Front 8

cuboidal epithelial cells

Back 8

cube shaped cells (kidney tubules) involved in secretion and absorbing

Front 9

columnar epithelial cells

Back 9

shaped like columns. some have cilia on them (trachea). Involved in secretion and absorbing

Front 10

pseudostratified epithelial cells

Back 10

appear stratified but arent

Front 11

transitional epithelial cells

Back 11

cell shape and number of layers changes

Front 12

skeletal muscle

Back 12

what is normally thought as "muscle". attaches to bones, has striations, voluntary, function is body movement.

Front 13

cardiac muscle

Back 13

muscle of the heart. has striations, involuntary, function: contraction provides the major force for moving blood through the blood vessels. Has branching fibers, intercalated disks containing gap junctions joining the cells to each other

Front 14

smooth muscle

Back 14

located in walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, eyes, glands, skin. involuntary. Function: movement of food through the digestive tract, emptying of the urinary bladder, regulation of blood vessel diameter, change in pupil size, contraction of many gland ducts, movement of hair, and many more. has gap junctions, and no striations.

Front 15

nervous tissue

Back 15

found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. characterized by the ability to conduct electric signals called action potentials. Consists of neurons and neuroglia

Front 16

neurons

Back 16

carry the impulses that control and coordinate the body. cell body with nucleus, has dendrites (input) and an axon (output)

Front 17

neuroglial cells

Back 17

do not carry impulses but support neurons in different ways. supports cells of brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. functions: nourish, protect, and insulate neurons.

Front 18

hyaline cartilage

Back 18

connective tissue. most abundant; very strong but not very flexible (collagen). Found at end of long bones, rib area, respiratory system, embryonic skeleton

Front 19

fibrocartilage

Back 19

connective tissue. tough but flexible (lots of collagen). found in the intervertebral disks, the pubic symphysis, the tempomandibular joints and the knee.

Front 20

elastic cartilage

Back 20

very flexible (collagen and elastin fibers) found in pinna (external ears).

Front 21

articular cartilage

Back 21

a specialized form of hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of bones at joints. connective tissue. no perichondrium, avascular, aneural (no nerves). reduces friction, synovial fluid provides nourishment.

Front 22

adipose tissue

Back 22

connective tissue. little extracellular matrix surrounding cells. function: packing material, thermal insulator, energy storage, and protection of organs against injury from being bumped or jarred.

Front 23

cancellous and compact bone

Back 23

bones that are made of connective tissue.

Front 24

blood

Back 24

connective tissue. cells and a fluid matrix. transports oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients, waste products, and other substances; protects the body from infections and is involved in temperature regulation.

Front 25

melanin

Back 25

molecules colors ranging from brown to black. present in skin. exposure to UV light stimulates the production.

Front 26

endocrine glands

Back 26

gland becomes separated from the epithelium from which it developed. Secretions do not go through a duct. Secretions are called hormones. Ex. pituitary gland, adrenal gland

Front 27

exocrine glands

Back 27

gland maintains an open contact with the epithelium from which it developed. Secretions that are produced flow through a duct to get to the surface or the lumen surface of the organ. Ex. mucus, digestive glands

Front 28

merocrine

Back 28

cells of the gland produce secretions by active transport or produce vesicle that contain secretory products, and the vesicles empty their contents into the duct through exocytosis. secrete products with no loss of actual cellular material. cools body, most common type, opens directly to skin through sweat pores. Ex. sweat glands (sudoriferous).

Front 29

apocrine

Back 29

secretory products are stored in the cell near the lumen of the duct. a portion of the cell near the lumen containing secretory products is pinched off the cell and joins secretions produced by a merocrine process. discharge fragments of the gland cells in the secretion. contributes to cytoplasm. opens into hair follicles superficial to sebaceous glands. present in axillae, genitalia, and around anus. active at puberty

Front 30

holocrine

Back 30

secretory products are stored in the cells of the gland. entire cells are shed by the gland and become part of the secretion. the lost cells are replaced by other cells deeper in the gland. ex. Sebaceous glands of the skin

Front 31

sebaceous glands

Back 31

structurally simple or compound. in dermis; usually associated with hair follicles. produce sebum (oily white substance, rich in lipids) to prevent drying, protects against some bacteria. Holocrine gland. Found in lips, eyelids, genitalia

Front 32

ceruminous glands

Back 32

modified merocrine sweat glands. found in external auditory meatus. produces cerumen (earwax). protects from dirt and insects, and protects eardrum.

Front 33

mammary glands

Back 33

modified apocrine sweat glands. found in breasts, produces milk, controlled by hormones.

Front 34

embryonic tissue

Back 34

endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm forms...

Front 35

endoderm

Back 35

inner layer of embryonic tissue. forms lining of digestive tract and deriatives

Front 36

mesoderm

Back 36

middle layer of embryonic tissue. forms tissues such as muscle, bone, blood vessels

Front 37

ectoderm

Back 37

outer layer of embryonic tissue. forms skin and neuroectoderm

Front 38

5 manifestations of inflammation

Back 38

redness, heat, swelling, pain, function disturbance

Front 39

fibrous joints

Back 39

consist of 2 bones that are united by fibrous connective tissue; has little or no movement and does not have a joint cavity. EX. sutures and gomphoses

Front 40

sutures

Back 40

immovable fibrous joint found in skull; resembles seams

Front 41

gomphoses

Back 41

fibrous joint. peg shaped structures that fit into sockets and held in place by connective tissue (ex. the joints between the teeth and their sockets)

Front 42

cartilaginous joints

Back 42

hyaline or fibrous cartilage ex. symphysis, synchondrosis

Front 43

symphysis

Back 43

a slightly movable joint where fibrocartilage unites the 2 bones. ex. the symphysis pubis

Front 44

synchondrosis

Back 44

connecting material is hyaline cartilage; little or no movement. most are temporary, with bone eventually replacing them to form synostoses (when 2 bones join together across a joint to form a single bone); others persist throughout life. temporary - ephiphyseal plates of long bones. permanent- between ribs and sternum.

Front 45

synovial joints

Back 45

joints that contain synovial fluid and are freely movable. many of the joints in the appendicular skeleton: elbow, hip, knee. the ends of the bones (articular surfaces) are covered by articular cartilage (thin layer of hyaline cartilage that provides a smooth surface)

Front 46

plane (gliding) joints

Back 46

2 opposed flat surfaces of about equal size in which a slight amount of gliding motion can occur between the bones. Ex. articular processes between vertebrae. Ex, acromioclavicular, carpometacarpal, costovertebral, intercarpal, intertarsal, intervertebral, sacroiliac, tarsometatarsal

Front 47

saddle joints

Back 47

2 saddle shaped articulating surfaces oriented at right angles to each other so that complementary surfaces articulate with each other. carpometacarpal pollicis, intercarpal, sternoclavicular

Front 48

hinge joints

Back 48

uniaxial joints consisting of a convex cylinder in one bond applied to a correspoonding concavity in the other bone. ex. elbow and knee joints. cubital, genu, interphalangeal, talocrual

Front 49

pivot joints

Back 49

uniaxial joints that restrict movement to rotation around a single axis, Ex: articulation between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna; articulation between the head of the radius and proximal end of the ulna; articulation between the dens of the axis and the atlas. atlantoaxial, proximal radioulnar, distal radioulnar

Front 50

ball and socket joints

Back 50

consist of a ball at the end of one bone and a socket in an adjacent bone into which a portion of the ball fits. Ex. shoulder and hip joints. coxal, glenohumeral

Front 51

ellipsoid joints (condyloid)

Back 51

biaxial modified ball and socket joints where articular surfaces are ellipsoid in shape rather than spherical. ex. alantoocipital joint. metacarpophalangeal, metatarsophalangeal, radiocarpal, temporomandibular

Front 52

acromioclavicular

Back 52

plane joint. acromion process of scapula and clavicle. slight movement

Front 53

carpometacarpal

Back 53

carpals and metacarpals 2-5. slight movement. plane joint.

Front 54

costovertebral

Back 54

plane joint. ribs and vertebrae. slight movement.

Front 55

intercarpal

Back 55

plane joint. between carpals. slight movement.

Front 56

intertarsal

Back 56

between tarsals. plane joint. slight movement

Front 57

intevertebral

Back 57

between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae. plane joint slight movement

Front 58

sacroiliac

Back 58

plane joint, between sacrum and coxal bone (complex joint with several planes and synchondroses) slight movement

Front 59

tarsometatarsal

Back 59

tarsals and metatarsals. slight movement. plane joint.

Front 60

carpometacarpal pollicis

Back 60

carpal and metacarpal of thumb. 2 axes. saddle joint.

Front 61

intercarpal

Back 61

saddle joint, between carpals slight movement

Front 62

sternoclavicular

Back 62

saddle joint. manubrium of sternum and clavicle. slight movement.

Front 63

cubital

Back 63

elbow. joins humerus, ulna, and radius. hinge joint. one axis.

Front 64

genu

Back 64

hinge joint. knee. joins femur and tibia. one axis

Front 65

interphalangeal

Back 65

hinge joint. between phalanges. one axis

Front 66

talocrural

Back 66

ankle. hinge joint. joins talus, tibia , and fibula. multiple axis, one predominates.

Front 67

atlantoaxial

Back 67

pivot joint. joins atlas and axis. rotation.

Front 68

proximal radioulnar and distal radioulnar

Back 68

pivot joint. joins radius and ulna. rotation

Front 69

coxal

Back 69

hip. ball and socket joint. joins coxal bone and femur. multiple axes

Front 70

glenohumeral

Back 70

shoulder. ball and socket joint. joins scapula and humerus. multiple axes

Front 71

atlantooccipital

Back 71

ellipsoid joint. joins atlas and occipital bone. 2 axes

Front 72

metacarpophalangeal

Back 72

knuckles. ellipsoid joint. joins metacarpals and phalanges. 2 axes.

Front 73

metatarsophalangeal

Back 73

ellipsoid joint. joins metatarsals and phalanges. 2 axes

Front 74

radiocarpal

Back 74

wrist. ellipsoid joint. joins radius and carpals. multiple axes

Front 75

temporomandibular

Back 75

ellipsoid joint. joins mandible and temporal bone. multiple axes, one predominates.

Front 76

mucous membranes

Back 76

consist of epithelial cells, their basement membrane and the lamina propria. lines cavities and canals that open to the outside (ex. digestive system, reproductive system, excretory system, and respiratory system.). many contain goblet cells or mucous glands that produce mucus. function: protection, absorbtion, and secretion.

Front 77

primary union. aka first intention

Back 77

heals wounds when edges are close together. wound fills with blood; clot forms, fibrin binds edges of wound together. scab forms. inflammatory response. fibroblasts from surrounding connective tissue migrate into clot and produce collagen and other components. revascularization. fibrin is broken down and removed. granulation tissue replaces tissue.

Front 78

secondary union aka second intention

Back 78

heals wounds when the edges are far apart. since edges are further apart, the clot may not close the gap completely. takes much longer for epithelial cells to regenerate and cover the wound. inflammatory response is greater. more granulation tissue forms. wound contraction occurs. (disfiguring scars)

Front 79

first degree burn

Back 79

involves only the surface epidermis; mild pain and redness. no blisters. typical sunburn

Front 80

second degree burn

Back 80

destroys all of the epidermis and may destroy some of the papillary region of the dermis; redness, blisters, edema, and pain. no injury to accessory skin structures. partial thickness burns

Front 81

third degree burn

Back 81

destroys epidermis, dermis, and epidermal derivatives. skin functions are lost. if burn exceeds of 70% of body, person usually dies.

Front 82

osteoporosis

Back 82

disease which bones become porous and fragile and more likely to break or fracture (esp. in hip, wrist, spine). loss in bone mass (more resorption, less formation). primarily affects women (esp. small framed, caucasian and asian) but both sexes suffer from disease. occurence increases with age. seen in young people whose caloric intake is inadequate or who suffer from eating disorders. also common in inactive people, more prevalent in smokers and alcoholics. "silent" disease, without symptoms, bones become weak and break in situations where healthy bones would not.

Front 83

scoliosis

Back 83

lateral bend of the vertebral column, usually in the thoracic region

Front 84

kyphosis

Back 84

hump back. exaggeration of the thoracic curvature.

Front 85

lordosis

Back 85

hollow back. exaggeration of lumbar curvature; seen in pregnancy and also known as sway back.

Front 86

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 86

caused by transient infection or autoimmune disease (not curable). 2nd most common type of arthritis; genetic predisposition may exist. body attacks cartilage and synovial membranes of joints, leading to inflammation of the joint, swelling, pain. if not treated, the synovial membranes become thicker and produce more fluid (water on the knee). also may be abnormal growth of tissue formed by the inflamed synovial membrane - pannus (clothlike layer). in advanced stages, destruction of the aricular cartilage of the bones with in the joint results in those bones ossifiying together

Front 87

osteoarthritis

Back 87

wear and tear. the most common type of degenerative joint disease arthritis. usually associated with aging and slowed metabolic rates. there is deterioration of the articular cartilage but no synovial membrane involvement. tends to occur in weight bearing joints (knees) and in overweight individuals. there is inflammation, pain, and decrease in the use of the joint

Front 88

gout

Back 88

arthritis cases (5%). painful metabolic disease involving the joins. it results from deposits of needle like crystals of uric acid in the joint space between 2 bones. produces too much uric acid, than can be excreted. uric acid builds up in the blood and some will form salt crystals that deposit in the joints, causing pain and decrease in motion. bones can also fuse because the crystals will wear away at the cartilage. usually seen in men with a family history and usually in the joints of the big toe.

Front 89

lyme disease

Back 89

ticks carry as vector. shows bullseye target. inflammes joints. symptoms: joint pain, flu like symptoms

Front 90

decubitus ulcer

Back 90

bedsore or pressure sore in immobile patients. caused by prolonged deficiency of blood to tissues. (esp. overlying a bony projection) due to body weight. the deficiency results in necrosis of the skin and microbe entry-- ulcers. seen on buttocks, sacrum, and heels. turning is necessary

Front 91

psoriasis

Back 91

chronic skin condition in which the stratum basale cells divide 7 times more frequently than normal, keratin production is abnormal, and the unusually thick stratum corneum desquamates to produce large, silvery scales. if these are scraped away, bleeding occurs. may be a genetic disease in which the immune system stimulated hyperplasia. anti cancer drugs sometimes helpful, as is UV light therapy.

Front 92

vitiligo

Back 92

the development of patches of white skin due to abnormal or lack of melanocytes in that area. may be an autoimmune response.

Front 93

cyanosis

Back 93

a bluish or purplish discoloration of skin due to defiecient oxygentation of blood.

Front 94

jaundice

Back 94

yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues, and certain body fluids caused by deposition of bile pigments that follows interference with normal production and discharge of bile or excessive breakdown of red blood cells.

Front 95

basal cell carcinoma

Back 95

accounts for 75% of all skin cancer. tumors arise from the stratum basale of the epidermis and extend into dermis (open ulcer. usually slows metastasis. typically cured by surgical removal or radiation therapy

Front 96

squamous cell carcinoma

Back 96

skin cancer that arise from stratum spinosum keratinocytes. usually slow metastasis, but can cause death

Front 97

malignant melanoma

Back 97

less common, life threatening cancer arising from melanocytes, many times found with in a pre existing mole. metastasize rapidly, so early treatment is crucial. watch areas that change in pigment, size and irregular borders. often fatal.

Front 98

thoracic and sacral

Back 98

infant is born with these 2 curvatures..

Front 99

cervical

Back 99

as the child lifts his head this curvature develops

Front 100

lumbar

Back 100

as the chid becomes bipedal this curvature develops.

Front 101

vitamin d

Back 101

important for absorption of calcium from the intestines (needed for mineralization) and for regulation of calcium and phosphorus in bone mineralization. ex. rickets may occur if there is a lack of this vitamin during childhood.

Front 102

vitamin c

Back 102

ascorbic acid. necessary for collagen synthesis. ex. if there is a deficiency of this vitamin scurvy may occur. lack causes wounds not to heal, teeth to fall out.

Front 103

determines skin color

Back 103

skin pigments (melanin, carotene), blood circulation (hemoglobin), thickness of stratum corneum all....

Front 104

causes skin to age

Back 104

slower skin repair, skin sags and wrinkles, becomes drier, number of functioning melanocytes decrease in most areas, but increase in others. lack or decrease in melanin production... all cause...

Front 105

keratin

Back 105

protein mixture produced by most cells of the epidermis

Front 106

soft keratin

Back 106

found in skin

Front 107

hard keratin

Back 107

found in nails and external parts of hair. more durable cells, cells dont desquamate, more sulfur.

Front 108

osteoblasts

Back 108

build bone, cells produce collagen and proteoglycans. secrete osseous matrix on surface of existing bone (appositional growth) all vesicles are released by exocytosis. no mitosis, cell contact via gap junctions.

Front 109

osteoclasts

Back 109

carve bone. large, multinucleated cells. thought to derive from a type of phagocytic white blodd cell. found in contact with calcified bone surface. responsible for resorption (breakdown) of bone matrix.

Front 110

desquamation

Back 110

mitosis in deepest layers produces new cells, older cells get pushed to the surgace, and get sloughed off. cells get dried out. seen in epidermis.

Front 111

woven bone

Back 111

collagen fibers randomly oriented. fetal development and during fracture repair. remodeled to form lamellar bone.

Front 112

lamellar bone

Back 112

mature bone. thin sheets of layer. collagen fibers parallel, and at an angle to adjacent. osteocytes within lacuna.

Front 113

bone remodeling

Back 113

converts woven bone to lamellar bone, involved with bone growth, changes bone shape, adjustment of bone to stress. The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue -- osteoclasts remove old bone (resorb it on the inside) and osteoblasts deposit new bone (to the outside). Formation of new osteons in compact bone. Bone tissue is never at rest and changes are constantly taking place. Takes place at different rates (depending on the bone and the persons age); EX. the distal portion of the femur will be replaced every 4 months, whereas the shaft is not replaced completely one the person reaches adulthood. Causes diameter of medullary cavity to increase as the bone increases in length and width.

Front 114

bone repair steps

Back 114

hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification

Front 115

hematoma formation

Back 115

first step of bone repair.-- when a fracture occurs, the blood vessels in the area are broken --- the blood rushes into the injured area and a clot forms 6-8 hours after the injury. Osteocytes around the site die due to a disruption of blood (and O2). Inflammation occurs, bringing phagocytic cells and osteoclasts into the area to clean up the dead and dying bone cells (area typically swells).

Front 116

hematoma

Back 116

a localized mass of blood confined within an organ or space

Front 117

callus formation

Back 117

Second step of bone repair..The connective tissue will be invaded by chondroblasts from the periosteum and endosteum of the broken bone. Cartilage is formed and chondroblasts become chondrocytes.

Front 118

Callus ossification

Back 118

Third step of bone repair...similar to fetal development, the chondrocytes will eventually be replaced by osteoblasts and new bone will be formed.

Front 119

remodeling of bone

Back 119

the final phase of fracture repair is remodeling of the bony callus (from woven to compact bone) by osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Repair may take a long time (sometimes over a year), but may be so complete that no evidence of a break remains. However, the repaired area may remain slightly thicker.

Front 120

parts of a long bone

Back 120

diaphysis, epiphysis, articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity

Front 121

callus

Back 121

mass of tissue that forms at the fracture site and attempts to connect the broken ends of the bone

Front 122

diaphysis

Back 122

shaft

Front 123

epiphysis

Back 123

extremity or end

Front 124

epiphyseal plate

Back 124

area where bone grows longer; originally hyaline cartilage, but becomes ossified as person ages and then is known as.. line. Seperates epiphysis from diaphysis.

Front 125

medullary cavity

Back 125

space within diaphysis; filled with marrow

Front 126

nail

Back 126

made of plates of tightly packed, hard, kerantinized cells. lies over the epidermis of the dorsal, distal portion of the digits. protects the ends of the digits. Composed of stratum corneum.

Front 127

lunula

Back 127

lacks melanocytes. the edge of the germinal matrix looks white and is crescent shaped.

Front 128

tendons

Back 128

connects muscle to bone

Front 129

ligaments

Back 129

connects bone to bone, cartilage to bone

Front 130

intervertebral disks

Back 130

found between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae. composed of fibrocartilage. shock absorbers. provide additional support. prevents the vertebral bodies from rubbing against each other. allow the vertebral column to be somewhat flexible

Front 131

desmosomes

Back 131

disk shaped structures with especially adhesive glycoprotein that bind cells to one another and intermediate filaments extends into cytoplasm.

Front 132

hemidesmosomes

Back 132

attach epithelial cells to basement membrane.

Front 133

gap junctions

Back 133

specialized contact regions; communication, coordination. aids intercellular communication. Important in coordination function of cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

Front 134

tight junctions

Back 134

protective seal. holds cells together and form a permeability barrier.

Front 135

functions of the skeletal system

Back 135

support, protection, movement, storage, hematopoiesis

Front 136

support

Back 136

bones provide a hard framework that anchors soft tissue of the body. ex. cartilage & ligaments, bones

Front 137

protection

Back 137

to internal organs by this hard tissue that overlies and/or surrounds them. ex. cranium and brain, spinal cord and vertebral column.

Front 138

movement

Back 138

bones provide leverage for muscle contraction. ex. joints, ligaments, smooth cartilage.

Front 139

storage

Back 139

minerals (Ca2+) and fat in yellow bone marrow. Ex. minerals in blood stored in bone. EX. adipose stored with in bone cavities.

Front 140

hematopoiesis

Back 140

the production of blood cells occurs in red bone marrow of certain bones (cranium, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacral, and hip bones (Os coxae), head of femur and humerus)

Front 141

long bones

Back 141

shape is longer than they are wide. (upper and lower limbs) ex. femur

Front 142

short bones

Back 142

as broad as they are wide (carpals and tarsals) ex. carpal

Front 143

flat bones

Back 143

thin, flattened, curves (some skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae) ex. paretial

Front 144

irregular bones

Back 144

dont fit in other bone shape categories. (vertebrae, facial bones) ex. Sphenoid

Front 145

layers of skin in the epidermis

Back 145

(deepest layer) stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum (most superficial layer)

Front 146

stratum basale

Back 146

simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelium (keratinocytes), hemidesmosomes, desmosomes, keratonicytes undergo mitosis every 19 days.

Front 147

stratum spinosum

Back 147

8-10 layers, formation of additional keratin fibers; transfer of melanin to keratinocytes, lamellar bodies form, some mitosis occuts (most superficial layer in which it does)

Front 148

stratum granulosum

Back 148

2-5 layers, accumulation of keratohyalin protein granules in cytoplasm, lamellar bodies release lipid contents into intercellular space, protein envelope formation, nuclei degeneration, cell death.

Front 149

stratum lucidum

Back 149

several layers of dead cells, thin clear zone, keratohyalin dispersed around keratin fibers, cells appear transparent, this layer is generally absent from thin skin.

Front 150

stratum corneum

Back 150

most superficial stratum, 25 or more layers of dead squamous cells that are cornifed- contain a hard protein envelope filled with keratin (responsible for structural strength), cells are surrounded by the lipids released from the lamellar bodies

Front 151

autopsy

Back 151

examination of organs of a dead body to determine the cause of death or to study the changes caused by a disease.

Front 152

biopsy

Back 152

process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination

Front 153

carcinoma

Back 153

malignant neoplasm derived from epithelial tissue

Front 154

sarcoma

Back 154

malignant neoplasm derived from connective tissue

Front 155

cyanosis

Back 155

a bluish or purplish discoloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of blood.

Front 156

jaundice

Back 156

yellowish pigmentation of skin, tissues and certain body fluids caused by the deposition of bile pigments that follows interference with normal production and discharge of bile or excessive breakdown of red blood cells

Front 157

frost bite

Back 157

most common type of freezing injury. when skin temperature drops below freezing, the skin freezes and ice crystal formation damages tissues.

Front 158

vitamin D

Back 158

fat soluble vitamin produced from precursor molecules in skin exposed to UV light; increases calcium and phosphate uptake from the intestines

Front 159

spina bifida

Back 159

when vertebral laminae partly or completely fail to fuse (or even form) during fetal development. most common in lumbar region if the defect is severe and involves the spinal cord, it may interfere with normal nerve function below the point of the defect.

Front 160

foramen

Back 160

hole on bone that allows soft tissue (vessels, nerves) to pass through

Front 161

suture

Back 161

Immovable joint in skull – appears as a line in between flat bones of the skull.

Front 162

fossa

Back 162

indentation

Front 163

condyle

Back 163

a large, rounded articular process; rounded protrusion