Ap Human Geography Models Or Theories

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Demographic Transition Model

Back 1

Refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as a country develops from a pre-industrial to industrialized.

Front 2

Gravity Model

Back 2

Interaction is proportional to the multiplication of the two populations divided by the distance between them (distance decay).

Front 3

Rostow's Stages of Growth

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Stage 1=Traditional Society, Stage 2=Transitional Stage, Stage 3=Take off, Stage 4-Drive to Maturity, Stage 5=High Mass Consumption

Front 4

Burgess' Concentric Zone Model

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Explained the layout of many modern cities. It assumes that the city can grow in every direction; physical features often limit city growth, though.

Front 5

Hoyt Sector Model

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It allows for an outward progression of growth. Hoyt suggested in that zones expand outward from the city center along transportation arteries. Using Chicago, upper class residential sector evolved outward along the Lake Michigan shoreline, while industry extended southward in sectors that followed railroads. Hoyt theorized that cities tended to grow in wedge-shaped patterns -- or sectors -- emanating from the central business district and centered on major transportation routes.

Front 6

Multiple Nuclei Model

Back 6

The model describes the layout of a city, based on Chicago. Says that even though a city may have begun with a CBD, other smaller CBDs develop on the outskirts of the city near the more valuable housing areas to allow shorter commutes from the outskirts of the city. This creates nodes or nuclei in other parts of the city besides the CBD. Aim was to produce a more realistic model. Their main goals in this were to:Move away from the concentric zone modelTo better reflect the complex nature of urban areas, especially those of larger size.

Front 7

Urban Realms Model

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(James E. Vance) What the model suggests is that cities are made up of small "realms" which are self-sufficient urban areas with independent focal points. The nature of these realms is examined through the lens of five criteria:The topological terrain of the area. The size of the metropolis as a whole.The amount and strength of the economic activity taking place within each of the realms.The accessibility internally of each realm in regards to its major economic function.The inter-accessibility across the individual suburban realms.This model does a good job at explaining suburban growth and how certain functions that are normally found in the CBD can be moved to the suburbs

Front 8

Central Place Theory

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An attempt to explain the spatial arrangement, size, and number of settlements. (Walter Christaller) It explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services.

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Christaller's Hierarchy of Settlements

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City, Village, Town, Hamlet (Central Place Theory)

Front 10

Weber's Least Cost Theory

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It requires finding a point in the plane that minimizes the sum of the transportation costs from this point to n destination points, where different destination points are associated with different costs per unit distance.

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Epidemiological Transition Model

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Our transition to a modern/urban world

Front 12

Core Periphery Model

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Core- Primary Economic Regions

Semi Periphery- Both core and non

Periphery- Primary economic activities

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Heartland/Rimland Theory

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"Who rules East Europe commands the Heartland;who rules the Heartland commands the World-Island;who rules the World-Island commands the world."

Front 14

Neocolonialism

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Neocolonialism (also Neo-colonialism or Neo-imperialism) is the geopolitical practice of using capitalism, business globalization, and cultural imperialism to influence a country, in lieu of either direct military control or indirect political control

Front 15

Dependency Theory

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Dependency theory is the notion that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and underdeveloped states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.

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Modernization Theory

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Modernization theory is a description and explanation of the processes of transformation from traditional or underdeveloped societies to modern societies.

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World Systems Theory

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World-systems theory (also known asworld-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective), a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change, emphasizes the world-system(and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.

Front 18

Bid-Rent Theory

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rice and demand for real estate chagnes as the distance from the CBD increases

Front 19

Rank Size Rule

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According to the rank-size rule, a rank 3 city would have ⅓ thepopulation of a country's largest city, a rank four city would have ¼ thepopulation of the largest city, and so on.

Front 20

Laws of Migration

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5 general rules (A)Net Migration amounts to only a fraction of the gross migration between 2 places (B)The majority of migrants move short distances(C)Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big city destinations (D)Urban residents are less migratory than people in rural areas (F)Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults

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Cultural Landscapes

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cultural properties [that] represent the combined works of nature and of man

Front 22

Environmental Determinism Theory

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Environmental determinism, also known as climatic determinism or geographical determinism, is the belief that the physical environment predisposes human social development towards particular trajectories.

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Possibilism Theory

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Possibilism in cultural geography is the theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions.

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Hotelling's Locational Interdependence

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Theory developed by economist Harold Hotelling that suggests competitors, in trying to maximize sales, will seek to constrain each other's territory as much as possible which will therefore lead them to locate adjacent to one another in the middle of their collective customer base.

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Losch Model of Location

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Location theory is concerned with the geographic location of economic activity; it has become an integral part of economic geography, regional science, and spatial economics. Location theory addresses questions of what economic activities are located where and why.