Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Enlightenment?
|
thinkers believed that human beings could discern and work in concert with the laws of nature for the betterment of human life.
|
|
|
Voltaire 1694-1778
|
most famous of the
philosophers -wrote Philosohical Letters- helped to popularize Newton's achievement -did not like organized religion -promoted civil liberties, freedom of speech. -theist - believed firmly in God, but not a specifically a Christian God |
|
|
Emilie, marquise du Chatelet
|
-mathematician and scientist,
-After his exile Voltaire lived with her -prepared a French translation of Newton's principles through her Voltaire became more knowledgeable about the sciences and more serious in his efforts to apply scientific rationality to human affairs |
|
|
Voltaire wrote
|
Candide - criticized aristocratic privilege and power of clerics and naivete of some philosophers
|
|
|
Montesquieu
|
-combined the belief that human institutions must be rational with Locke's assumption of human educability
-wrote -the spirit of the Laws- maintained that laws were not meant to be arbitrary rules but derived naturally from human society -advocate of the separation of legislative, executive, and judicial powers , arrangement seemed be to guarantee liberty |
|
|
"Laws" of Economic Life
|
-known as physiocrafts in france
-proposed ending "artificial" control over land use in orger to free productive capacity and permit the flow of produce to market |
|
|
Adam Smith 1723-1790
|
-freeing of restrictions on agriculture, manufacture, and trade was proposed by the Scotsman. (he didn't think of the bad effects)
-known as the originator of "laissez-faire" economics - assumes that an economy will regulate itself without interference by government and without monopolies and other economic privileges commom in his day |
|
|
David Hume 1711-1776
|
-most radical in critique of the human capacity for knowing
-he was an archskeptic - taking any of Locke's views on pure reason doubting the efficacy of any sensory . |
|
|
Immanuel Kant
|
Humes writing of the Essay concerning Human Understanding-led to important inovations by Kant
|
|
|
Diderot
|
-wrote Encyclopedia - advancement through knowledge
-Catholic Church placed it on the index of Prohibited Books |
|
|
Mary Astell 1666-1731
|
-challenged Locke's separation of family life from the public world of free,contractual relationships
|
|
|
Mary wollstonecraft 1759-1797
|
Englishwoman
-wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman -daughter of Mary Shelley -believed without education and economic independence, women could be not fully formed individuals nor worth of their duties |
|
|
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778
|
-could on conceive of the free individual as male
-ture citizen had to cultivate virtue and sensibility, not manners, taste or refinement -wrote - The Social Contract-he imagined an egalitarian republic in which men would consent to be governed because the government would determine and act in accordance with the "general will" of the citizens. |
|
|
Growth of Public Opinion - how
|
ordinary people now read secular and contemporary philosophical works
|
|
|
What is a salon?
|
salle de lecture- reading room where the latest works were available to any member
-Parisian salons and gatherings in private homes |
|
|
Marie-Therese Geoffrin 1699-1777
|
Famous salonniere in her day, corresponded with Catherine the Great
|
|
|
How were ideas circulated?
|
Through means of print, newsletters
|
|
|
Rococo?
|
art style
|
|
|
Cult of Sensibility?
|
Late baroque painters contributed to an exploration of private life and emotion
-fostered by literature, private life of emotion was nutured by increased literacy, greater access to books, and the need to retreat from the elaborate artifice fo court life |
|
|
Samuel Richardson 1689-1761
|
-wrote-Pamela and Clarissa
-explored personal psychology and passion |
|
|
Daniel Defoe
|
-wrote Robinson Crusoe used realism for purposes of social commentary
|
|
|
Architecture of the time?
|
illustrated the belief in order symmetry and proportion
|
|
|
Music of the time?
|
-reflected the cult of sensibility, and the classicizing styles in the visual arts
|
|
|
Franz Josef Haydn 1732-1809
|
Austrian composer
|
|
|
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart 1756-1791
|
composer
|
|
|
European Ruling Efforts
|
Monarchs actually undermined their dynastic claims to rule by re-founding their regimes on a utilitarian basis- state was increasingly seen as separate from the ruler
|
|
|
Ruling the french state
|
Crown sponsored scientific research, subsidized commerce and exploration, and tried to rationalize the royal administration (Louis XIV)
-claimed the right to govern autocratically |
|
|
Louis XIV 1715-1774
|
early in his reign the supreme law courts, the parliments, reclaimed the right of remonstrance- the right to object to royal edicts
|
|
|
Power of Parlements
|
-the only insitituion that could legitimately check royal power
-used their power for protecting the status quo |
|
|
Louis XV
|
displayed no kindly qualities
-threw his support behind chancellor Nicolas de Maupeou |
|
|
Nicolas de Maupeou
|
-dissolved the parlements early in 1771 and created new law courts whose judges would not enjoy independent power
|
|
|
Estates General?
|
-was called in the wake of gurther financial problems
|
|
|
British Monarchy
|
-death of William and Mary - crown passed to Mary's sister Anne 1702-1714 - then to Elizabeth Stuart, sister of the beheaded Charles 1
|
|
|
George I 1714-1727
|
-new british soverign in 1714
-both a foreigner and a man of medioucre abilities -his claim was immediately conteseted by Catholic descendents of James II who attempted to depose him in 1715 and later his son, George II in 1745 |
|
|
Role of Parliament
|
-power of Parliament had been reinforced by the Act of Settlement, by which Protestant heir Queen Anne had been chosen
-exculsion of the Catholic Stuarts from throne -established a line of succession -Parliament determined the legitamacy of the monarchy |
|
|
Act of Settlement
|
-claimed greater parliamentary authority over foreign and domestic policy
|
|
|
Evolution of Cooperation between Monarvhy and Parliment
|
-political parties came into existence, Whigs v. Tories
|
|
|
Whigs
|
Resisted Charles' pro-french politics
-favored an aggresive foreign policy -represented the interests of aristocrats or wealthy merchants or gentry |
|
|
Tories
|
-tended to be staunch Anglicans uninterested in Protestant anti-Catholic agitation
-isolation in foreign affairs and deference toward monarchical authority |
|
|
Robert Walpole 1676-1745
|
-functioned virtually as a prime minister from 1722-1742
-became both the first lord of the tresury and chancellorpf tje exchequer -presided over a period of recovery and relative prosperity that enhanced the stability of the government |
|
|
Parliament
|
-privy Council of the King - resembling a modern cabinet
-didn't represent the British population because of strict property qualifications -Burden of taxation grew-groups felt increasingly deprived fo reprensentation |
|
|
Gordon Riots - 1780
|
effort by Parliament to extend some civil rights to British Catholics provoked rioting in London
|
|
|
Denmark Rule
|
crown had governed without significant challenge
-reforms encouraged freer trade and to improve agriculture by elevating the status of the peasantry -agricultural productivity rose |
|
|
Swedens Rule - Gustav III 1171-1796
|
-staged a coup with army support that overturned the dominance of the Swedish parliament, the Diet
-legal system was rationalized -death penaly was strictly limited -legal torture was abolished -Gustav assasianated in 1796 |
|
|
Frederick II of Prussia 1740-1786 "the Great"
|
-strong military
-father Frederick William -tried to modernize agricultural methods and improve the condition of peasants -tried to stimulate the economy by sponsoring state industries and trading monopolies -wrote "Anti-Machiavel" he argued that ruler has a moral obligation to work for the betterment of the state |
|
|
Maria Theresa of Austria
|
-ruled 1740-1780
-devoted Catholic -After War of Austiran Succession (1740-1748) she embarked on a program of reform -streamlined and centralized administration, finances, and defense -reformed the assessment and collection of taxed to tap the wealth of her subjects |
|
|
Joseph II (r.1780-1790)
|
-bold initiatives
-reform programs were limited by the economic an social rigidities of the society he ruled (inflexible autocrat) |
|
|
Leopold II (r.1790-1792)
|
-son of Maria Theresa of
Austria |
|
|
Catherine the Great r.1762-1796
|
-empress of Russia
-enlightened despot -native of Germany -husband, Tsar Peter III -one of her chief achievements-Territorial aggrandizement - allied with Britian and Austria -1772 took portions of Poland and gained all of Belarus, Ukraine, and modern Lithuania -Secularization of church lands -number of book tripled during her reign -1767 - convened a legislative commission, representative of all classes and porvided a place for the airing of general grievances -administrative reforms to create more effective local units of government -reign marked by the most massive and best-organized peasant rebellions |
|
|
Russian Peasant rebellion
|
-took it's name from the Cossack leader, Emelian PUgachev, and reflected the dissatisfaction with the Russian government
|
|
|
What is conscription?
|
-???
-most states introduced some form of conscription. - tried to fill rank of military without tapping the wealthier elements of the community |
|
|
War of the Austrian Succession
|
-Pragmtick Sanction, in which Charles VI tried to persuade allies and potential opponents to accept his daughter as an heir
-Frederick the Great's troops marched into Silesia in 1740 -helped by Britain -- fighting spread throughout Habsburg territories -preliminary peace signed in 1745 - but throne of the Holy Roman Empire was returned to the Habsburgs and given to Maria's husband, Francis (r.1745-1765) |
|
|
Seven Years' War in 1756
|
-initiated by Frederick the Great, hoping to prevent the consolidation of new alliances
|
|
|
Slave Labor
|
-Economic dependence on slave labor meant that the colonies were tied to their home countries with a three-way or "triangle" trade
|
|
|
Great Britain and France -Wars
|
-proximity and growth of French and British settlements in North American ensured conflict
|
|
|
Three Phases of War
|
- War of the Austrian Succession
- the Seven Years' War - the rebellion of British colonies in North America -American Revolution |
|
|
Terms of Peace of Paris in 1763
|
France regained Guadeloupe, Sugar Islands in French control
|
|
|
"agricultural revolution"
|
-dramatic change in the introduction of new crops and other changes in agricultural practices
-caused families to specialize farm |
|
|
Putting-out system
|
-also known as cottage industry, involved the production in the countryside of thread and cloth by spinners and weavers working in their own homes for an entrepreneur who bought raw materials and put them out to be finished by individual workers
-rural poverty made manugacturing work in the home more attractive to more people |
|
|
Mechanization
|
-invention of machines to spin thread brought a market increase in the rate of production
|
|
|
Changes in peasant revolts
|
-in past revolts in the past had ranged from small-scale actions to massive uprisings
- |
|
|
Immediate goals of the revolts
|
-usually practical, not a hope that the system would disappear but rather a hope that it would operate more fairly
|
|
|
What drove continued revolts
|
-they were driven by local inemployment caused by agricultural reforms or by objects to press gangs
|
|
|
What is an "enlightened " revolt?
|
-peasants increasingly marshaled legal devices to maintain control over their land and to thwart landlords' efforts to enclose fields and cultivate cash crops
-change signaled an effort to bring permanent structural change to the system and not simply a temporary redress of grievances. |
