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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How many iodide ions does Thyroxine (T4) contain?
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4
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Triiodothyronine (T3) contains how many iodide ions?
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3
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What do Thyroid-Binding Globulins (TBGs) do?
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transport proteins
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What do Thyroid-Binding Globulins (TBGs) attach to?
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most T4 and T3 molecules
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Unbound Thyroid Hormones diffuse out of and into where?
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out of the bloodstream and into other tissues
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What do Unbound Thyroid Hormones disturb?
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equilibrium
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To reach new equilibrium, what do carrier proteins do?
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release more thyroid hormones
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Absence of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) causes what?
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thyroid follicles to become inactive, so that neither synthesis nor secretion occur
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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) binds to what?
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membrane receptors
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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) activates what?
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key enzymes in thyroid hormone production
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Thyroid Hormones enter target cells by what system?
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transport
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Thyroid Hormones affect few cells in the body, true or false?
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false, they affect most cells
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Thyroid Hormones bind to receptors in what 3 things?
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cytoplasm, surfaces of mitochondria, and nucleus
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What is Calorigenic Effect?
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When cell consumes more energy resulting in increased heat generation
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Thyroid Hormones are essential in children for the normal development of what?
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skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems
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What is the Thyroid Gland responsible for?
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strong, immediate, and short-lived increase in rate of cellular metabolism
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What are Iodide Ions?
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Reserves in thyroid follicles
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Deficiency of Iodide Ions limits rate of what?
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thyroid hormone production
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Iodide Ions are actively transported into what?
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thyroid follicle cells
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What stimulates the active transportation of Iodide ions?
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Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
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C (Clear) Cells produce what?
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calcitonin (CT)
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What does calcitonin (CT) do?
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helps regulate concentrations of Ca2+ in body fluids
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Where are the Parathyroid Glands?
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in posterior surface of thyroid gland
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What produces the Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)?
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chief cells
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What are the 4 Effects of PTH?
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1. It stimulates osteoclasts
2. inhibits osteoblasts 3. It enhances reabsorption of Ca2+ at kidneys, reducing urinary loss 4. It stimulates formation and secretion of calcitriol at kidneys |
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What does Calcitriol do?
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- Effects complement or enhance PTH
- Enhances Ca2+, PO43— absorption by digestive tract |
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What are the primary regulators of blood calcium I levels in adults?
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Parathyroid Glands
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Where are the Adrenal Glands?
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along superior border of each kidney
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The Adrenal Glands are subdivided into what?
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a superficial adrenal cortex and an inner adrenal medulla
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What does the Adrenal Cortex do?
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- Stores lipids, especially cholesterol and fatty acids
- and manufactures steroid hormones |
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What steroid hormone does the Adrenal Cortex make?
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adrenocortical steroids (corticosteroids)
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The Adrenal Cortex is subdivided into what 3 regions?
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1. zona glomerulosa
2. zona fasciculate 3. zona reticularis |
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What is Zona Glomerulosa and what does it produce?
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It is the outer region of adrenal cortex and it produces aldosterone
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What does Aldosterone do?
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conserves sodium ions,
eliminates potassium ions, and increases salt receptors on tongue |
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What triggers Aldosterone?
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drop in blood Na+, blood volume, or blood pressure or rise in blood K+ concentration
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Zona Fasciculata produces:
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glucocorticoids
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Zona Fasciculata endocrine cells are what compared to zona glomerulosa?
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larger and contain more lipids
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Zona Fasciculata secretes what?
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cortisol (hydrocortisone) with corticosterone
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What converts cortisol to cortisone?
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the liver
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Secretion of Glucocorticoids is regulated by what?
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negative feedback
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Glucocorticoids inhibit production of:
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- corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in hypothalamus
- ACTH in anterior lobe |
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Zona Reticularis is what?
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a network of endocrine cells that forms a narrow band around each adrenal medulla
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What does Zona Reticularis produce under stimulation by ACTH?
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androgens
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The Adrenal Medullae are controlled by what?
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sympathetic division of ANS
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Adrenal Medullae produce what?
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epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine
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What does the Pineal Gland contain?
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pinealocytes
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What do pinealocytes do?
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synthesize the hormone melatonin
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What are the functions of melatonin?
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Inhibiting reproductive functions and setting circadian rhythms
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What kind of cells does the Pancreas contain?
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exocrine and endocrine cells
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Pancreas endocrine cells form clusters called:
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pancreatic islets, or islets of Langerhans
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What are the 4 Types of Cells in Pancreatic Islets and what do they secrete/produce?
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Alpha - produce glucagon Beta - secrete insulin
Delta - produce peptide hormone F cels - secrete pancreatic polypeptide (PP) |
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When Blood Glucose levels rise, what type of cells respond?
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Beta cells
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When Blood Glucose levels decline, what cells respond?
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Alpha cells
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What is Insulin and what does it affect?
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a peptide hormone released by beta cells
it affects target cells |
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What are the 5 Effects of Insulin?
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1. Accelerates glucose uptake
2. Accelerates glucose utilization and enhanced ATP production 3. Stimulates glycogen formation 4. Stimulates amino acid absorption and protein synthesis 5. Stimulates triglyceride formation in adipose tissue |
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Glucagons are released by what type of cell?
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alpha
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What do Glucagons do and what do they affect?
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they mobilize energy reserves in target cells
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What are the 3 Effects of Glucagons?
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1. Stimulates breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscle and liver cells
2. Stimulates breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue 3. Stimulates production of glucose in liver |
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Intestines produce hormones important for?
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digestive activities
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Kidneys produce what 2 hormones and what enzyme?
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hormones: calcitriol and erythropoietin
enzyme: renin |
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What does Calcitriol stimulate?
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calcium and phosphate ion absorption along digestive tract
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What does Erythropoietin (EPO) do?
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Stimulates red blood cell production by bone marrow
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What does Renin convert?
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angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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Angiotensin I is converted to:
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Angiotensin II
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What are the 4 things that Angiotensin II does?
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1. Stimulates adrenal production of aldosterone
2. Stimulates pituitary release of ADH 3. Promotes thirst 4. Elevates blood pressure |
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What does the Heart produce when blood volume becomes excessive?
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natriuretic peptides
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Natriuretic Peptide action results in:
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reduction in blood volume and blood pressure
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The Thymus produces what kind of hormones?
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thymosin
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Thymosin hormones do what?
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they help develop and maintain normal immune defenses
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Testes produce and secrete what?
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Produce androgens in interstitial cells
& Secrete inhibin in sustentacular cells |
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What is the most important hormone in males?
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testosterone
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Ovaries produce what?
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estrogens
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After ovulation, follicle cells:
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- reorganize into corpus luteum
- and release estrogens and progestins, especially progesterone |
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Adipose tissue secretes what 2 things?
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Leptin and resistin
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What are the 4 Types of Hormone Interactions?
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1. Antagonistic (opposing) effects
2. Synergistic (additive) effects 3. Permissive effects: 1 hormone is necessary for another to produce effect 4. Integrative effects: hormones produce different and complementary results |
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What Hormones are Important to Growth?
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GH
Thyroid hormones Insulin PTH Calcitriol Reproductive hormones |
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How does Growth Hormone (GH) affect adults and children?
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In children:
supports muscular and skeletal development In adults: - maintains normal blood glucose concentrations - mobilizes lipid reserves |
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If Thyroid Hormones are absent during fetal development or for first year, what happens?
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nervous system becomes abnormal and retardation occurs
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If T4 concentrations decline before puberty, what happens?
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normal skeletal development stops
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What does Insulin do?
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Allows passage of glucose and amino acids across cell membranes
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) and Calcitriol promotes absorption of what for deposition in bone?
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calcium
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What are the Reproductive Hormones in males and females?
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Androgens in males, estrogens in females
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What do reproductive hormones do?
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Stimulate cell growth and differentiation in target tissues
& Produce gender-related differences |
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), aka stress response, is what?
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How bodies respond to stress-causing factors
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General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is divided into 3 phases, what are they?
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1. alarm phase
2. resistance phase 3. exhaustion phase |
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Describe the Alarm phase.
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- It is an immediate response to stress
- it is directed by ANS - Energy reserves mobilized (glucose) - “Fight or flight” responses - The dominant hormone is epinephrine |
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What are the 7 Characteristics of the Alarm Phase?
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1. Increased mental alertness
2. Increased energy consumption 3. Mobilization of energy reserves (glycogen and lipids) 4. Circulation changes: increased blood flow to skeletal muscles decreased blood flow to skin, kidneys, and digestive organs 5. Drastic reduction in digestion and urine production 6. Increased sweat gland secretion 7. Increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate |
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If stress lasts longer than a few hours, what phase is entered?
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Resistance Phase
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What are the dominant hormones in the Resistance phase?
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glucocorticoids
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What are the 4 Effects of Resistance Phase?
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1. Mobilize remaining lipid and protein reserves
2. Conserve glucose for neural tissues 3. Elevate and stabilize blood glucose concentrations 4. Conserve salts, water, and loss of K+, H+ |
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When does the Exhaustion Phase begin?
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when homeostatic regulation breaks down
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Hormone Changes can alter:
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intellectual capabilities, memory, learning, and emotional states
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Aging causes a decline in what 2 hormones?
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growth and reproductive hormones
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What are Primary Disorders?
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Problems within endocrine organ because of:
metabolic factor physical damage congenital problems |
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What are Secondary Disorders?
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Problems in other organs or target tissues, Often involving hypothalamus or pituitary gland
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