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141 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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5 functions of bone
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1. Support
2. Protection 3. Lever System 4. Mineral Storage 5. Blood cell formation |
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List 3 Functions of cartilage
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1. Model for bone growth
2. Smooth Joint surfaces 3. Support |
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List three types of bone cells
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1. Osteoblasts
2. Osteocytes 3. Osteoclasts |
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2 types of bone, depending on their internal structure
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1. Compact (Solid matrix and cells)
2. Cancellous Bone (Spongy bone or Trabeculae) |
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2 Types of Bone Ossification
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Intramembranous and Endochondrial
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Intramembranous
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- Bone ossification that occurs WITHIN connective tissue membranes
- Mostly in flat bones of the Skull |
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Endochondrial
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- Ossification process that produces most of the skeletal system
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Fibrous
(synarthrosis or synarthrocolial) |
2 bones united by fibrous tissue
- little or no movement |
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Cartilaginous
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2 bones united by cartilage
- slight movement |
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Synovial
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freely moving joints
- Contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of bones |
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How a bone grows in Diameter
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- apposition of new bone matrix on an old bone surface beneath the periosteum
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How a bone grows in Length
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- Cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plate followed by ossification of the cartilage
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List three major classes of joints
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1. Fibrous
2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial |
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Functions of Cartilage
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1. Model for bone growth
2. Smooth joint surfaces 3. Support |
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Six types of synovial Joints
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1. Ellipsoid
2. Plane 3. Saddle 4. Hinge 5. Pivot 6. Ball and Socket |
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Periosteum and Hyaline Cartilage
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Connective tissue structures vocer the surface of mature bones
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As a long bone increases in diameter the medullary cavity
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Increases in size.
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Chondrocytes
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During bone growth at the epiphyseal plate...
increase in number, hypertrophy, and die |
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Function of osteoclasts is to
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break down bones
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Healing of bone fractures
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1. Blood clot formation around break
2. Callus is formed 3. Cancellous bone is formed in the callus 4. The callus may eventually disappear |
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Charactersitcs of Synocial joints
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~Articular surfaces covered with cartilage
~ Joint capsule ~ Synovial membrane ~ Synovial Fluid |
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Flexion
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Moving body in the anterior or ventral to the coronal plane
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Extension
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Moving body in a posterior or ddorsal to the coronal plane
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Plantar flexion
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Standing on toes
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Dorsiflexion
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Walking on heels
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Abduction
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Moving away from median or midsagittal plane
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Adduction
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moving toward the median plane
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Pronation
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rotation of the forarm, palm down
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Supination
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Rotation of the forearm, palm up
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Eversion
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Turning the foot plantar surface faces laterally
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Inversion
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Turning the foot plantar surface faces medially
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Protraction
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Movement that the mandible glides anteriorly
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This joint is an example of an amphiarthrosis:
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distal radioulnar
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This knee ligament prevents the tibia from being diplaced backward along the femur:
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posterior cruciate ligament
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This disease, marked by an autoimmune attack on joint tissues, causes severe joint deformity, pain, and disability.
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rheumatoid arthritis
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Which of the following is not a bursa that is associated with the shoulder joint?
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subclavicular
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The elbow joint proper does not include the _______________ joint.
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proximal radioulnar
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The _________________, joins the head of the humerus to the glenoid labrum in the shoulder.
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glenohumeral ligament
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A very big yawn could dislocate the ___________________
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temporomandibular joint.
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A diarthrosis is a
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freely movable synovial joint.
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Joints can be classified by:
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the physical junction between adjacent bones.
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Immovable fibrous joints in the skull are called:
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sutures.
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Which of the following is not a fibrous joint?
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synchondrosis
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Which of the following is not a characteristic of a synovial joint?
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collagen fibers crossing the articulation (joint)
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Swimming is a good way of:
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exercising the joints with minimal damage
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Adduction is a motion towards ______________
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the midsagittal line.
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Tightening a screw uses the supinator muscles as:
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the primary force.
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Dorsiflexion is a movement of the foot that:
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brings the toes upward.
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The quadriceps muscle is an example of:
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a third-class lever.
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What is part of the TMJ?
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articular disc temporomandibular ligament glenoid fossa
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The glenoid cavity is deepened by a ring of fibrocartilage called the
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glenoid labrum.
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The shoulder joint is vulnerable to ____________ when the arm is abducted or when the arm is pulled sharply
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dislocation
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The hinge joint of the elbow contains which of the following?
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humeroulnar joint
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One test for a knee injury is to stabilize the foot with the knee in flexion and to attempt to pull the upper tibia forward. What ligamentous injury would allow this motion?
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posterior tibiofibular tear
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Which of the following is part of the ankle joint?
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talus tibia fibula
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The humeroscapular joint is a ________ joint.
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ball-and-socket
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The ankle joint is a ________ joint.
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hinge
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Uric acid crystal formation in joints is associated with what disease?
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gout
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"Wear and tear" arthritis describes which disease?
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osteoarthritis
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An autoimmune attack on joint tissue is associated with which disease?
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rheumatoid arthritis
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A prosthetic joint is _______ than a natural joint.
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not as strong
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In terms of function, the elbow is an example of a/an _____ joint.
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diarthrosis
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This type of fibrous joint connects the parietal bones to the occipital bone:
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suture
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If a suture completely ossifies, it would then be a:
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synostosis
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This is an example of a hinge joint:
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interphalangeal
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This unusual synovial joint type allows for thumb opposability:
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saddle
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This joint allows for multiaxial movements:
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ball-and-socket
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If you decrease the angle of your forearm with respect to the arm then you have made which movement?
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flexion
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The rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces the body is called:
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pronation
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An example of a first-class lever in the body is around this joint:
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atlantoaxial
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These specialized cartilages in the knee absorb shock:
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menisci
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Which of the following is due to an autoimmune disorder?
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rheumatoid arthritis
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name one type of Fibrous (synarthrosis or synarthrocolial) tissue?
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sutures
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serrate, lap, and plane are types of?
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sutures/fibrous joints/tissues
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tooth attachment is called?
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gomphoses
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2 bones bound together is?
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syndesmosis
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what is the most movable syndesmosis?
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interosseus membranes uniting the radius to ulna, allowing supination and pronation
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an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossify, and they become in effect, a single bone
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bony joint, or synostosis
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examples of bony joint (synostosis):
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–frontal and mandibular bones in infants
–cranial sutures in elderly –attachment of first rib and sternum with old age |
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two bones are linked by cartilage
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cartilaginous joint, amphiarthrosis or amphiarthrodial joint
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what are two types of cartilaginous joints
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–synchondroses
–symphyses |
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bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
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synchrondrosis
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temporary joint in the epiphyseal plate in children
•binds epiphysis and diaphysis –first rib attachment to sternum |
synchrondrosis
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two bones joined by fibrocartilage
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symphysis
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collective effect of all 23 discs gives spine considerable flexibility
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symphysis
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only slight amount of movement between adjacent vertebrae
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symphysis
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bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs
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symphysis
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pubic region in which right and left pubic bones joined by interpubic disc
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symphysis
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joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity
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synovial joint, diarthrosis or diarthrodial joint –
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most familiar type of joint
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synovial joint
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•most are freely movable
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synovial joint
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•most structurally complex type of joint
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synovial joint
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•most likely to develop painful dysfunction
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synovial joint
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•most important joints for physical and occupational therapists, athletic coaches, nurses, and fitness trainers
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synovial joint
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•their mobility make them important to quality of life
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synovial joint
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forms a pad between articulating bones that crosses the entire joint capsule
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articular disc
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temporomandibular joint, distal radioulnar joints, sternoclavicular and acromioclavicular joint are all examples of?
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articular disc
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in the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint
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meniscus
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•these cartilages absorb shock and pressure
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meniscus
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•guide bones across each other
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meniscus
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•improve the fit between bones
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meniscus
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•stabilize the joints, reducing the chance of dislocation
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meniscus
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a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where tendon passes over bone, or between bone and skin
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bursa
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elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
•in hand and foot |
–tendon sheaths –
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•cushion muscles, helps tendons slide more easily over joints, modify direction of tendon pull
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bursa –
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the ratio of its output force to its input force
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mechanical advantage (MA) of a lever
is calculated from the length of the effort arm divided by the length of the resistance arm |
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the lever produces more force, but less speed and distance, than the force exerted on it
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MA (is greater than) > 1.0
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the lever produces more speed or distance, but less force, than the input
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•MA (is less than) < 1.0 –
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the fulcrum is the middle between effort and resistance (RFE) and is considered to be what kind of lever?
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First-Class Lever
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and example of a First-Class Lever is:
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sea-saw
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resistance between fulcrum and effort (FRE) is considered to be what kind of lever?
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Second-Class Lever
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resistance from the muscle tone of the temporalis muscle lies between the jaw joint and the pull of the digastric muscle on the chin as it opens the mouth quickly is considered to be what kind of lever?
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Second-Class Lever
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atlanto-occipital joint lies between the muscles on the back of the neck and the weight of the face is considered to be what kind of lever?
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First-Class Lever
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effort between the resistance and the fulcrum (REF)
(most joints of the body) is considered to be what kind of lever? |
Third-Class Lever
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the effort applied by the biceps muscle is applied to the forearm between the elbow joint and the weight of the hand and the forearm is considered to be what kind of lever?
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Third-Class Lever
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and example of a Second-Class Lever is:
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wheel barrel
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and example of a 3rd-Class Lever is:
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rowing a boat
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range of motion determined by:
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–structure of the articular surfaces
–strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules –action of the muscles and tendons |
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a moving bone has a relatively stationary axis of rotation that passes through the bone in a direction perpendicular to the plane of movement
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Axes of Rotation
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types of Axes of Rotation
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multiaxial joint - shoulder joint has three degrees of freedom or axes of rotation
•other joints – monoaxial or biaxial |
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shoulder joint - head of humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
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–hip joint - head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
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Ball-and-Socket Joints
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•the only multiaxial joints in the body
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Ball-and-Sock
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oval convex surface on one bone fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other
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Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
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•biaxial joints – movement in two planes
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Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
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–radiocarpal joint of the wrist
–metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers |
Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
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•both bones have an articular surface that is shaped like a saddle, concave in one direction and convex in the other
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Saddle Joint
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biaxial joint
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Saddle Joint
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–trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb
–sternoclavicular joint – clavicle articulates with sternum |
Saddle Joint
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forming the primate opposable thumb
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biaxial-Saddle Joint
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flat articular surfaces in which bones slide over each other with relatively limited movement
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Plane (gliding) Joint
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•usually biaxial joint
–carpal bones of wrist –tarsal bones of ankle –articular processes of vertebrae |
Plane (gliding) Joint
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•although any one joint moves only slightly, the combined action of the many joints in wrist, ankle, and vertebral column
allows for considerable movement |
Plane (gliding) Joint
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•one bone with convex surface that fits into a concave depression on other bone
–elbow joint - ulna and humerus –knee joint - femur and tibia –finger and toe joints |
Hinge Joint
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monoaxial joint – move freely in one plane
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Hinge Joint
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•one bone has a projection that is held in place by a ring-like ligament
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Pivot Joint
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Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint |
monoaxial joint
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–proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius to rotate during pronation and supination
•anular ligament •monoaxial joint |
Pivot Joint
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•bone spins on its longitudinal axis
–atlantoaxial joint (dens of axis and atlas) •transverse ligament |
monoaxial joint
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plane joint
saddle joint condylar |
biaxial
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ball-and-socket
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multiaxial
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