A&p Chapter 9 & 10

Front 1

sensory (afferent)

Back 1

toward spinal cord/brain

Front 2

motor (efferent)

Back 2

away from brain to muscles/glands

Front 3

nerve

Back 3

bundle of peripheral axons

Front 4

white matter

Back 4

myelinated

Front 5

gray matter

Back 5

unmyelinated

Front 6

endoneurium

Back 6

surrounds fibers within nerve

Front 7

perineurium

Back 7

surrounds a group of fibers

Front 8

epineurium

Back 8

surrounds entire nerve

Front 9

Reflex arcs

Back 9

nerve impulses are conducted from receptors to effectors

Front 10

nerve impulse

Back 10

self-propagating wave of electrical disturbance

Front 11

mechanism of nerve impulse

Back 11

propagating a wave of electrical disturbances

Front 12

neurotransmitters

Back 12

acetylcholine

catecholamines

endorphins

enkephalins

nitric oxide

Front 13

catecholamines

Back 13

norepinephrine

dopamine

seratonin

Front 14

divisions of the brain

Back 14

medulla oblongota

pons

midbrain

Front 15

cerebellum

Back 15

second largest part of the brain, gray matter is highly folded which creates a higher surface area

Front 16

functions of the cerebellum

Back 16

productions of normal movements, maintain equilibrium, sustaining normal postures

Front 17

diencephalon

Back 17

composed of hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland

Front 18

hypothalamus

Back 18

exerts major control over virtually all internal organs, plays an essential role in maintaining the body's water balance

Front 19

thalamus

Back 19

dumb bell shaped gray matter, sections are located in the third ventricle, associates sensations with emotions, responsible for arousal

Front 20

pineal gland

Back 20

creates melatonin (time-keeping hormone)

Front 21

cerebrum

Back 21

largest part of the brain, mostly white matter

Front 22

tracts

Back 22

nerve fibers

Front 23

basal nuclei

Back 23

autonomic movements and postures

Front 24

cerebrum function

Back 24

mental processes

Front 25

spinal cord coverings protect

Back 25

1. cranial bones & vertebrae

2. cerebral & spinal meninges

3. fluid spaces

Front 26

cerebral & spinal meninges

Back 26

dura mater

pia mater

arachnoid membrane

Front 27

fluid spaces

Back 27

meninges

bone

cerebro-spinal

Front 28

cranial nerves

Back 28

12 pairs attached to the under surface of the brain. Fibers conduct impulses between the brain & structures in the head, neck, & in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Front 29

spinal nerves

Back 29

sensations and movements

Front 30

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Back 30

automatic, preganglionic & postganglionic

sympathetic & parasympathetic

Front 31

special senses

Back 31

smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

Front 32

sensory receptor types

Back 32

1. Photoreceptors

2. Chemoreceptors

3. Pain receptors

4. Thermoreceptors

5. Mechanoreceptors

Front 33

sensory pathways

Back 33

involves conduction of action potentials generated in the receptors through the spinal cord to the thalamus or cerebellum

Front 34

general senses

Back 34

distribution of general sense receptors, found in almost every part of the body, but mostly in the skin

Front 35

modes of sensation

Back 35

proprioceptors

Front 36

proprioceptors

Back 36

found between tendons and muscles

Front 37

golgi tendon receptors & muscle spindles

Back 37

are types of proprioceptors

Front 38

vision, hearing & taste

Back 38

special senses

Front 39

structure and function of the eye

Back 39

1. fibrous layer

2. vascular layer

3. inner layer

Front 40

fibrous layer

Back 40

tough fibrous tissue

contains sclera and cornea

Front 41

sclera

Back 41

white of the eye

Front 42

cornea

Back 42

transparent "window of the eye"

Front 43

vascular layer

Back 43

dense network of blood vessels

contains choroid, ciliary muscles, iris, and lens

Front 44

ciliary muscles

Back 44

helps focus on objects

Front 45

choroidd

Back 45

contains melanin

Front 46

inner layer

Back 46

contains retina, optic nerves, and retinal blood vessels

Front 47

aqueous humor

Back 47

watery fluid in front of the lens

Front 48

vitreous humor

Back 48

jellylike fluid behind the lens

Front 49

glaucoma

Back 49

when drainage of the eye is blocked and the internal pressure within the eye will increase

Front 50

visual pathway

Back 50

detects intensity and wavelength of light

Front 51

refraction

Back 51

occurs as light passes through the cornea on the way to the retina

Front 52

photoreceptor cells

Back 52

respond to light stimulus by producing a nervous impulse

Front 53

optic disk

Back 53

blind spot

Front 54

myopia

Back 54

nearsightedness

Front 55

hyperopia

Back 55

farsightedness

Front 56

external ear

Back 56

made of the auricle and external acoustic canal

Front 57

auricle (pinna)

Back 57

surrounds the opening of the external acoustic canal

Front 58

external acoustic canal

Back 58

about 2.5 cm in length

Front 59

tympanic membrane

Back 59

eardrum

Front 60

ceruminous glands

Back 60

creates cerumen (earwax)

Front 61

middle ear

Back 61

epithelium lined

Front 62

ossicles

Back 62

3 very small bones of the inner ear (malleus, incus, and stapes)

Front 63

malleus

Back 63

hammer

Front 64

incus

Back 64

anvil

Front 65

stapes

Back 65

stirrup

Front 66

auditory (eustachian) tube

Back 66

connects throat and middle ear

Front 67

otitis media

Back 67

middle ear infection

Front 68

inner ear

Back 68

3 spaces in the temporal bone

Front 69

bony labyrinth

Back 69

complex maze of inner ear

Front 70

perilymph

Back 70

watery fluid that fills the bony labyrinth

Front 71

parts of the bony labyrinth

Back 71

vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea

Front 72

endolymph

Back 72

thicker than perilymph, fills the membranous labyrinth

Front 73

membranous labyrinth

Back 73

balloonlike sac, suspended in perilymph, surrounds bony labyrinth

Front 74

organ of Corti (spiral organ)

Back 74

organ of hearing, lies within the curling snail-shaped cochlea

Front 75

equilibirum

Back 75

sense of balance

Front 76

macula

Back 76

made of a patch of sensory hairs coated with a thick glob of heavy gel

Front 77

static equilibrium

Back 77

sense of gravity

Front 78

crista ampullaris

Back 78

generates a nerve impulse when the speed or direction of movement of your head changes

Front 79

dynamic equilibrium

Back 79

sense of motion

Front 80

cupula

Back 80

flaplike, sways back and forth within endolymph

Front 81

vestibular nerve

Back 81

nerves from mechanoreceptors join the semicircular canals

Front 82

taste

Back 82

aka gustation

Front 83

taste buds

Back 83

sense organs of taste

Front 84

gustutory cells

Back 84

chemoreceptors that generate nervous impulses ultimately interpreted by the brain as taste

Front 85

circumvallate papillae

Back 85

form an inverted "V" at the back of the tongue

Front 86

smell

Back 86

aka olfaction

Front 87

olfactory receptors

Back 87

must sniff forcefully to smell delicate odors

Front 88

adaptation

Back 88

decrease in receptor sensitivity (nose blind)

Front 89

number of pairs of both spinal and cranial nerves

Back 89

43

Front 90

releases acetylcholine from its postganglionic axons

Back 90

parasympathetic

Front 91

loose connective tissue outside the muscle organs that form a flexible, sticky "packing material" between the muscles

Back 91

fascia

Front 92

functions of spinal cord

Back 92

primary reflex center

Front 93

endurance training leads to

Back 93

an increased number of blood vessels to the muscle

Front 94

bone at the back of the skull

Back 94

occipital bun

Front 95

the vestibular nerve contains a nerve from the

Back 95

semicircular canal and cochlea

Front 96

the rods in the eye

Back 96

are used to see dim light

Front 97

innermost layer of the eye

Back 97

retina

Front 98

the brain, the spinal cord, and the eyes

Back 98

are considered part of the nervous system as a whole

Front 99

vital centers are located in

Back 99

the medulla oblongota

Front 100

not part of the axial skeleton

Back 100

carpal bone

Front 101

cells responsible for sense of taste

Back 101

gustutory cells

Front 102

tension during muscle lengthening is called

Back 102

eccentric contractions

Front 103

in the middle ear

Back 103

the stapes rests against the oval window

Front 104

farsightedness of old age

Back 104

presbyopia

Front 105

two principal divisions that make up the nervous system

Back 105

peripheral and central

Front 106

vitreous humor is found in

Back 106

the posterior chamber

Front 107

calcitonin does NOT

Back 107

increase blood calcium

Front 108

sympathetic nervous system is called

Back 108

the thoracolumbar system

Front 109

bone that may develop in a tendon

Back 109

sesamoid bone

Front 110

olfactory receptors also assist in

Back 110

the sense of taste

Front 111

free nerve endings respond to

Back 111

pain

Front 112

if an injury caused damage to the insertion of the biceps brachii muscle (the anterior muscle of the upper arm) the injury would be nearest

Back 112

the elbow

Front 113

the sense of smell is able to stimulate vivd memories because the olfactory tract passes through the

Back 113

limbic system

Front 114

the eardrum is not

Back 114

at the end of the auditory tube

Front 115

the structure that separates the middle ear from the inner ear is the

Back 115

oval window