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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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In what 3 ways are community interactions classified?
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By how they either help, harm, or have no effect on the involved species
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What are the interactions between the species of a community called?
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Interspecific interactions
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What do +/-. +/+, and 0 mean, pertaining to interspecific interactions?
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+/- -- positive affect on predator, negative affect on prey
+/+ -- positive affect for both animals 0 -- no known affect on the population |
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What type of interaction is interspecific competition?
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-/-, because having to compete for a resource is bad for both species
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What is competitive exclusion?
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When two species compete for the same, single limited resource: the one with even a slightly larger reproductive advantage will eventually outlive the other species which will become extinct.
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The sum of a species' use of the biotic and abiotic resources in its environment is called the species'...
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Ecological niche (its ecological role)
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The differentiation of niches that enables similar species to coexist in a community is called...
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Resource partitioning
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What are the terms for a species' possible and then actual niche?
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Possible: fundamental niche
Actual: realized niche |
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Allopatric is when species are...
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Geographically separate
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Sympatric is when species are...
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Geographically overlapping
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The tendency for characteristics to change more in sympatric (overlapping) populations of two species, rather than in allopatric populations, is called...
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Character displacement
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Cryptic coloration is...
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Camouflage
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What is aposematic coloration?
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Bright coloring often found on poisonous animals to warn predators
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What is Batesian mimicry?
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When a species changes its form to act like another species.
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What is Mullerian mimicry?
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When two poisonous or dangerous species resemble each other for the benefits of both species.
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When two or more species live in direct/intimate contact with one another, the relationship is called...
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Symbiosis
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What are the two types of parasites?
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Those that live IN the host's body (endoparasites), or ON the host's body (ectoparasites)
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What are the two types of mutualism?
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Obligate mutualism (where at least one species cannot exist without the other), and facultative mutualism (where both species have the ability to survive alone)
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A interspecific interaction that helps one species but neither harms nor helps the other (+/0) is called...
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Commensalism
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Competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis are all...
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Interspecific interaction
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Species richness is...
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The number of different species in a community
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Relative abundance is...
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The proportion each species represents of all individuals in an entire community
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What is the equation for shannon diversity and what is the ultimate analysis of shannon diversity (H)?
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H = -[ (pa*ln(pa)) + (pb*ln(pb)) ], where p is the relative abundance (percentage) of each species: a, b, and so on. The higher the resulting H, the higher the diversity.
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The feeding relationships between organisms (basically, the food chain) is called...
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Trophic structure
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A food web shows relationships between...
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Food chains
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The total mass of all individuals in a population is called...
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Biomass
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What food chain hypothesis states that food chains are short because of the low energy output (about 10%) per step of the chain?
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The energetic hypothesis (supported most)
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What food chain hypothesis states that food chains are short because if they were long top predators could not overcome the loss of organisms at the beginning of the chain?
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The dynamic stability hypothesis
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The species in a community that are the most abundant or that have the highest biomass are called...
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Dominant species
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Invasive species are _, and can be dominant because they are not subject to the regular predation of the area or the disease of the area.
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Species introduced into places which are not their native area, usually by humans
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What are keystone species?
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Species that exert large power and influence over a community not through number or biomass but through niche. (such as a starfish in intertidal waters that keeps mussels from eating everything and thus plays a vital role in species richness)
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Species that dramatically alter their physical environments, like beavers, are called...
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Foundation species
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What is the bottom up model?
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N -> V -> H -> P, more nutrients means more vegetation which means more herbivores and then more predators
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What is the top-down or trophic cascade model?
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N <- V <- H <- P, if there are more predators, there are less herbavores, less herbavores mean more vegetation, more vegetation mean less nutrients (+/-)
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The model that describes most communities as constantly changing after being affected by disturbances is the...
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Nonequilibrium model
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What hypothesis states that moderate levels of disturbance can create conditions that foster greater species diversity than low or high levels of disturbance?
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The intermediate disturbance model
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When one species replaces another and another and another in a community after disturbances, this is called...
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Ecological succession
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What type of succession is it when animals inhabit and take over, and others take over, and so on in an originally uninhabited community such as on a new volcanic island?
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Primary succession
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When an existing community has been cleared by some disturbance that leaves the soil intact and other species take over, it is called...
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Secondary succession
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What are the two reasons that species richness is greater in the tropics than in temperate or polar areas?
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Because the hot, growing/reproductive season is about 5 times longer in the hotter tropics, and because
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T/F: The species richness of an area correlates with evapotranspiration, or solar energy input and water availability.
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True
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What does the species-area curve state?
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That, all other factors aside, the larger the geographical area, the more species a community has.
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SOD is...
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Sudden Oak Death caused by pathogens
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What are zoonatic pathogens? How can they be transferred?
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Pathogens transferred from animals to humans, either through direct contact or sometimes through parasites, which are then called vectors.
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