--Ap Bio Chapter 25

Front 1

The pattern of evolution over large time scales is called...

Back 1

Macroevolution

Front 2

T/F: Miller-Urey type experiments (in which an artificial environment mimicking that of early earth is created) demonstrate that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible.

Back 2

True

Front 3

T/F: A 4.5 billion year old chondrite/meteorite was found with amino acids which cannot be from current organisms, because there were D and L isomer amino acids, and organisms only make L isomers with a few rare exceptions.

Back 3

True

Front 4

The dating of fossils based on teh decay or radioactive isotopes is called...

Back 4

Radiometric dating

Front 5

The time required for 50% of an isotope to decay is known as its...

Back 5

Halflife

Front 6

Up to what age is carbon-12 and 14 used to date fossils?

Back 6

Up to about 75,000 years old, because carbon's half life is about 6,000 years.

Front 7

T/F: Sometimes fossils in sedimentary rocks cannot be dated directly, so the layers under and above it are dated and that organism's age is estimated.

Back 7

True

Front 8

How can the magnetism of iron in rocks be used to date fossils?

Back 8

Because the iron lines up with the poles, which have been known to switch from north to south at certain times in history. If no other dating techniques can be used, the iron can tell which period the earth was in at the time the fossil formed.

Front 9

Amphibians, reptiles, and mammals all belong to the group...

Back 9

Tetrapods

Front 10

Name the 3 eons in order of occurence.

Back 10

Archaean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic

Front 11

What are the 3 eras, in order, of the Phanerozoic eras?

Back 11

Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic

Front 12

Layered rocks that form when certain prokaryotes bind thin films of sediment together are called...

Back 12

Stromatolites

Front 13

The early, gradual rise in atmospheric O2 levels was probably brought about by ancient...

Back 13

Cyanobacteria (then, a few hundred million years later, the rise in O2 accelerated due to the evolution of eukaryotic cells containing chloroplasts)

Front 14

What model posits that mitochondria and plastids (a general term for chloroplasts and related organelles) were formerly small prokaryotes that began living within larger cells?

Back 14

The endosymbiosis model

Front 15

The term endosymbiont refers to...

Back 15

A cell that lives within another cell (usually as undigested prey or internal parasites)

Front 16

Because all eukaryotes have mitochondria but not plastids, the _ _ model supposes that mitochondria evolved before plastids through a sequence of endosymbiotic events.

Back 16

Serial endosymbiosis model

Front 17

When many phyla of living animals appeared suddenly in fossils formed in the Cambrian period, this was known as the..

Back 17

Cambrian explosion

Front 18

T/F: Cnidaria, porifera, and mollusca all appeared during the Cambrian explosion, and hard bodied prey and predators with teeth all randomly evolved and appeared where this was nonexistant before.

Back 18

True

Front 19

Animals, plants, and fungi probably did not start to colonize land until about...

Back 19

500 million years ago

Front 20

T/F: Major changes on earth have been influenced by large-scale processes such as continental drift, mass extinctions, and adaptive radiations.

Back 20

True

Front 21

When large numbers of species become extinct throughout earth it is called a...

Back 21

Mass extinction

Front 22

Of the 5 main mass extinctions, which are the two most paid attention to and what were they likely to be caused by?

Back 22

The permian (from large volcanic eruptions in what is not Siberia) and the Cretaceous (from a large asteroid, killing all the dinosaurs)

Front 23

Periods of evolutionary change in which groups of organisms form many new species whose adaptations allow them to fill different ecological niches in their communities are called...

Back 23

Adaptive radiations

Front 24

An evolutionary change in the rate or timing of developmental events is called...

Back 24

Heterochrony

Front 25

When the adults of some species retain features that were juvenile in ancestors, or when their sexually reproductive organs develop faster than other parts of their body and they reproduce with younger body parts, this is called...

Back 25

Paedomorphosis

Front 26

Genes that determine where basic features will be located and spaced on an organism's body are called...

Back 26

Homeotic genes

Front 27

T/F: New developmental genes arising after gene duplication events very likely facilitated the origin of new morphological forms.

Back 27

True

Front 28

T/F: Some researchers have found that a change in the REGULATION of developmental genes, rather than a change in their sequence, can also be responsible for changes in an organism.

Back 28

True

Front 29

T/F: Evolutionary novelties also arise when structures that originally played one role gradually acquire a different one.

Back 29

True

Front 30

Structures that evolve in one context but become co-opted for another function are sometimes called...

Back 30

Exaptations