--Ap Bio Chapter 40

Front 1

The similar, streamlined shape found in speedy fish, birds, and mammals is an example of...

Back 1

Convergent evolution

Front 2

The rates of exchange for nutrients, waste products, and gases of a cell are proportional to...

Back 2

Surface area

Front 3

The amount of material that must be exchanged to sustain life in a cell is proportional to.,.

Back 3

Volume

Front 4

Being long and flat like a tapeworm or having only two cell layers and a mouth-anus which lets water in and out are two ways that...

Back 4

Nearly all the cells of each organism can be in contact with the environment for exchange

Front 5

T/F: Internal body fluids link exchange surfaces to body cells.

Back 5

True

Front 6

What are the spaces between cells in animals often filled with?

Back 6

Interstitial fluid

Front 7

T/F: Exchange between the interstitial fluid and circulatory fluid (blood) enables cells throughout the body to obtain nutrients and get rid of wastes.

Back 7

True

Front 8

What are the four main categories of animal tissues?

Back 8

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

Front 9

What type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body?

Back 9

Epithelial tissue

Front 10

What are the cells of epithelial tissue called?

Back 10

Epithelia

Front 11

What are all the different types and heights of epithelia?

Back 11

Cubodial, columnar, squamous; simpled, stratified, or pseudostratified

Front 12

What are the two surfaces of epithelia?

Back 12

Apical (faces the lumen or the outside of organ) and basal (attached to ECM).

Front 13

(JUST read) T/F: Cubodial (sectretion, kidney tubules); simple squamous (leaky for exchange, lungs); simple columnar (absorbs nutrients, digestive); pseudostratified ciliated columnar (mucous membrane, respiratory tract); stratified squamous (quickly regenerates, skin)

Back 13

True

Front 14

What type of animal tissue bind and supports other tissues in the body?

Back 14

Connective tissue

Front 15

Loose connective tissue, cartilage, fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, blood, and bone are all types of...

Back 15

Connective tissue

Front 16

What type of connective tissue cells secrete the protein ingredients of the extracellular fibers?

Back 16

Fibroblasts

Front 17

What type of connective tissue cells roam the maze of fibers in the ECM, engulfing both foreign particles and the debris of dead cells by phagocytosis?

Back 17

Macrophages

Front 18

What type of connective tissue is most abundant, has collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers, and holds organs in place by binding to epithelia?

Back 18

Loose connective tissue

Front 19

Which type of connective tissue, dense with collagenous fibers, is found in tendons and ligaments?

Back 19

Fibrous connective tissue

Front 20

Which type of connective tissue has cells called osteoblasts and repeating units called osteons?

Back 20

Bone

Front 21

Which type of connective tissue has an abundance of collagenous fibers secreted by chondrocytes?

Back 21

Carilage

Front 22

Which type of connective tissue is a specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat in fat droplets?

Back 22

Adipose tissue

Front 23

Which type of connective tissue has a liquid ECM called plasma?

Back 23

Blood

Front 24

Which type of muscle is responsible for voluntary movements, and is striated with muscle fibers.

Back 24

Skeletal

Front 25

Which type of muscle is involuntary, and is branched with intercalated disks, relaying signals from cell to cell?

Back 25

Cardiac muscle

Front 26

Which type of muscle lacks striations, is involuntary, and is found in the walls of all organs?

Back 26

Smooth muscle

Front 27

What tissue's function is to sense stimuli and transmit signals in the form of nerve impulses from one part of the animal to another?

Back 27

Nervous tissue

Front 28

Nerve cells are called...

Back 28

Neurons

Front 29

What part of a neuron transmits signals from from its tip toward the rest of the neuron?

Back 29

A dendrite

Front 30

What part of a neuron is bundled together into nerves and trasmits signals toward another neuron or an effector (muscle cell, etc.)?

Back 30

An axon

Front 31

What are the two major systems for control and coordination in animals?

Back 31

The endocrine system and nervous system

Front 32

What are the four types of cells that receive nerve impulses?

Back 32

Other neurons, muscle cells, endocrine cells, and exocrine cells

Front 33

What is an animal said to be for a particular environmental variable if it uses internal control mechanisms to regulate internal change in the face of external fluctuation?

Back 33

A regulator

Front 34

What is an animal said to be for a particular environmental variable if it allows its internal condition to conform to external changes in the variable?

Back 34

A conformer

Front 35

In what process do animals maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment changes significantly?

Back 35

Homeostasis

Front 36

What is the particular value at which homeostasis is trying to maintain an animal called?

Back 36

The set point

Front 37

What is it called when the animal fluctuates from the set point?

Back 37

A stimulus

Front 38

What detects this stimulus? What does this lead to?

Back 38

A sensor, ultimately leads to a response

Front 39

T/F: Homeostasis reduces but doesn't eliminate changes in the internal environment.

Back 39

True

Front 40

What type of mechanism, conversely, usually triggers mechanisms that amplify rather than diminish the stimulus?

Back 40

Positive feedback

Front 41

What is "regulated change" and what are some examples?

Back 41

Changes in the set point or normal range of a mechanism that occur throughout ones life; perhaps as it occurs once during puberty, or several cyclic times during a woman's menstrual cycle.

Front 42

The temporary process by which an animal adjusts to changes in its external environment (such as when an elk produces more RBCs at higher elevations with less oxygen levels) is called...

Back 42

Acclimatization

Front 43

The process by which animals maintain an internal temperature within a tolerable range is called...

Back 43

Thermoregulation

Front 44

Internal metabolism and the external environment provide the sources of heat for...

Back 44

Thermoregulation

Front 45

Birds and mammals are mainly _, meaning that they are warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism.

Back 45

Endothermic

Front 46

Amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, and most invertebraes are _, meaning that they gain most of their heat from external sources.

Back 46

Ectothermic

Front 47

T/F: Because their heat source is largely environmental, ectotherms generally need to consume much less food than endotherms of equivalent size, an true evolutionary advantage.

Back 47

True

Front 48

An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment is called a...

Back 48

Poikilotherm

Front 49

An animal with a relatively constant body temperature is called a...

Back 49

Homeotherm (neither this or the last slide are actually specifically related to endotherms and ectotherms; both can be either poikilos or homeotherms)

Front 50

(You know the definitions of radiation and evaporation) What is the transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface called?

Back 50

Convection

Front 51

What is the direct transfer of thermal motion between molecules of objects in direct contact with each other called?

Back 51

Conduction

Front 52

Hair, feathers, and layers of adipose can all act as...

Back 52

Insulation (fur can raise up and trap a thicker layer of air)

Front 53

What reduces blood flow to the extremities and what increases it?

Back 53

Reduces = vasoconstriction. Increases = vasodilation

Front 54

In many birds and mammals, reduction of heat loss relies on _ _, the flow of adjacent fluids in opposing directions that maximizes transfer rates of heat or solutes.

Back 54

Countercurrent exchange (arteries and veins, often ends up making interior muscles warmer than exterior so more work can be done)

Front 55

Ectotherms regulate their body temperatures mainly by moving in and out of the sun, etc.

Back 55

True

Front 56

What is nonshivering thermogenesis?

Back 56

When certain hormones cause mitochondria to produce heat instead of ATP.

Front 57

What part of the brain acts as an animal's thermostat, using warm receptors and cold receptors?

Back 57

The hypothalamus

Front 58

What is the overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal called?

Back 58

Bioenergetics

Front 59

The amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time is called its...

Back 59

Metabolic rate

Front 60

The minimum metabolic rate of a nongrowing endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach, and is not experiencing stress is called the...

Back 60

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

Front 61

The metabolic rate of a fasting, nonstressed ectotherm at rest at a particular temperature is called its...

Back 61

Standard metabolic rate

Front 62

T/F: As body mass increases, the energy it takes to maintain each gram of body weight decreases.

Back 62

True

Front 63

What is the physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases called?

Back 63

Torpor

Front 64

What is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity?

Back 64

Hibernation

Front 65

Estivation is...

Back 65

Summer turpor