--Ap Bio Chapter 52

Front 1

"Why do animals migrate?" and "How does the availability of food supply affect population size?" are both central questions to the study of...

Back 1

Ecology

Front 2

The scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment is called...

Back 2

Ecology

Front 3

T/F: Both living and nonliving factors influence the distribution and abundance of organisms.

Back 3

True

Front 4

Ecology that focuses on interactions between species is...

Back 4

Community ecology

Front 5

Ecology that focuses on energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment is...

Back 5

Ecosystem ecology

Front 6

A mosaic of connected ecosystems is a...

Back 6

Landscape

Front 7

Name the 6 studies of ecosystems from smallest to largest.

Back 7

Organismal ecology, population, community, ecosystem, landscape, global

Front 8

The time frame over which evolutionary adaptation occurs is...

Back 8

Evolutionary time

Front 9

The survival or reproduction of individuals which leads to evolutionary adaptation occurs in what time frame?

Back 9

The ecological time frame (minute to minute organismal interactions

Front 10

The study of the past and present distribution of species in the context of the evolutionary theory is...

Back 10

Biogeography

Front 11

What factors to ecologists consider when asking why a certain species lives where it does?

Back 11

Biotic factors (all the other living species in the species' environment) and abiotic factors (the nonliving chemical and physical factors in the species' environment)

Front 12

What are the possible factors that affect the distribution of the kangaroo in Australia?

Back 12

The rain (abiotic), because the roos tend to live most in places with sparse rain. Or, climate, because there is a specific climate in this area that may not allow for many pathogens or parasites to kill the kangaroos.

Front 13

The movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density is known as...

Back 13

Dispersal

Front 14

T/F: Dispersal greatly limits distribution possibilities

Back 14

True

Front 15

How can we use species transplants to study dispersal/distribution?

Back 15

If an animal is transplanted in an area in which it is known not to exist and survives to reproduce, then it is known that the potential range of the species is much greater than the actual range

Front 16

When would behavior limit an organism's distribution?

Back 16

When the organism can access another area to live (in its potential range) but chooses not to. (habitat selection behavior)

Front 17

What is a good example of habitat selection behavior?

Back 17

When insects can live on many plants but only choose to live on corn or something because the odors corn produces attract them to lay eggs

Front 18

How can biotic factors limit the distribution of a species?

Back 18

Through predation, parasitism, or competition. If there are more animals that eat, there are more animals that get eaten and less animals that can survive transplantation.

Front 19

What is a good example of a biotic factor limiting the distribution of a species?

Back 19

When sea urchins were removed from an isolated marine environment, seaweed started growing in these areas at an exponential rate. Thus, sea urchins are the biotic factor limiting the distribution of seaweed

Front 20

T/F: Competition between species can also count as biotic factors limiting distribution.

Back 20

True

Front 21

The terms spatial heterogeneity and temporal heterogeneity simply mean that...

Back 21

Abiotic factors vary within spaces (place to place on earth) and time (throughout the year)

Front 22

Desiccation is to...

Back 22

Dry out

Front 23

Most aquatic organisms are restricted to either freshwater or saltwater through their abilities to...

Back 23

Osmoregulate

Front 24

What is particular about the organisms that can live very deep in the ocean?

Back 24

They can absorb and use blue light wavelengths

Front 25

T/F: Too much or too little light can hurt an organism

Back 25

True

Front 26

How can rocks and soil be abiotic factors that affect the distribution of a species?

Back 26

Through extreme acidic or basic conditions or through the solubility of nutrients and toxins

Front 27

What are the 4 abiotic factors that affect climate?

Back 27

Temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind

Front 28

What are the 2 types of climate? Describe them.

Back 28

Macroclimate (that of the world, regions, and local levels) and microclimate (very fine patterns, like those found of a community underneath a log)

Front 29

In what equinoxes do we have 12 hours of day and night?

Back 29

September and march

Front 30

What is different about the June and December equinoxes?

Back 30

Norther hemisphere has shortest days and longest nights in december, and and longest days and shortest nights in June

Front 31

T/F: Global air circulation creates rain in middle tropical areas, which makes dry surrounding arid regions, which then makes more precipitation in places like America, which then makes for dry, cold climates in the poles

Back 31

True

Front 32

T/F: After the moist air releases precipitation in the tropics, the then dry air absorbs moisture from the land and creates an arid environment

Back 32

True

Front 33

How can proximity to bodies of water affect climate?

Back 33

Because bodies of water can warm or cool the air above it which then goes onto the bodies of land it is next to.

Front 34

What is the "great ocean conveyor belt?"

Back 34

The currents of warm and cold water that affect coastal climates all around the world: making England warmer than New England in the winter because of the Gulf Stream

Front 35

T/F: The movement of warm and cool air from a lake or ocean onto the land surrounding it can regulate local climate, even if it is just coastal.

Back 35

True

Front 36

Describe how distribution can be affected by mountain slopes.

Back 36

Southern-facing mountain slopes will have more sunlight and have more green plants, while northern facing ones (in the northern hemisphere) will have conifers and plants that can withstand colder climates

Front 37

How does temperature change with altitude?

Back 37

For every 1km increase in altitude, the temperature drops 6 degrees Celsius. So, this is similar to moving up about 900 km in latitude, and you will find similar animals and plants in both places.

Front 38

What does a rain shadow do?

Back 38

When moist air rises on the windward side of the mountain, it rains at the peak, and then on the other side a rain shadow is created where there is no rain and often a desert forms on this leeward side of the mountain

Front 39

T/F: Seasonality can produce different temperatures and winds which can bring up ocean waters that promote growth of different forms of life.

Back 39

True

Front 40

What is a good example of microclimate regulation?

Back 40

When trees shade their soils from excessive heat or sunlight

Front 41

T/F: Rocks and dead branches can act as abiotic factors that affect the distribution of certain organisms that live under it

Back 41

True

Front 42

What are the two most important factors limiting the geographic ranges of plants and animals?

Back 42

Temperature and moisture

Front 43

What is a biome?

Back 43

A major terrestrial or aquatic life zone

Front 44

What characteristics determine terrestrial biomes?

Back 44

Vegetation type

Front 45

What characteristics determine aquatic biomes?

Back 45

Physical environment

Front 46

T/F: The characteristics of a freshwater biome can be determined often through the rate of the water movement and the climate in which the freshwater is found.

Back 46

True

Front 47

The top of an aquatic biome which is penetrated by light is called the... While the lower part which does not get much light is called the...

Back 47

Photic zone, aphotic zone

Front 48

The bottom layer substrate of all aquatic biomes is known as the...

Back 48

Benthic zone

Front 49

What are animals that live in the benthic zone called and what do they feed on?

Back 49

Benthos; they feed on detritus which is dead organic matter that falls to the benthic zone/substrate after dying in the active photic zone.

Front 50

The part of the benthic zone that lies between 2,000 and 6,000m below the surface of the water is known as the...

Back 50

Abyssal zone

Front 51

What layer in aquatic biomes of abrupt temperature change occurs to separate warm from cool waters?

Back 51

The thermocline

Front 52

What is a turnover in aquatic biomes and why is it important?

Back 52

It is when (from a frozen stage to a very hot, stratified stage in winter and then summer) the lake cycles its water from top to bottom, so the oxygen-rich water goes to the bottom and the nutrient-rich bottom goes to the top

Front 53

A lake that is nutrient poor, oxygen rich, and that has less surface area and more depth is an...

Back 53

Oligotrophic lake

Front 54

A lake that is nutrient rich but oxygen-depleted is a...

Back 54

Eutrophic lake

Front 55

What is the surface-zone of lakes called where things like lillies live?

Back 55

Littoral zone

Front 56

Where is the zone in lakes just below the littoral zone?

Back 56

The limnetic zone which is too deep to support rooted plants (here, heterotrophic zooplankton eat phytoplankton)

Front 57

A habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time and that supports plants adapted to water-saturated soil is a...

Back 57

Wetland

Front 58

Basin wetlands form in _.

Back 58

Small basin depressions

Front 59

Riverine wetlands form mostly in...

Back 59

Riverbanks

Front 60

Fringe wetlands form along...

Back 60

The coasts of major seas and lakes

Front 61

A transition area between river and sea which hosts much life and different mixtures of fresh and salt water is an...

Back 61

Estuary

Front 62

An aquatic biome that is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides is an...

Back 62

Intertidal zone

Front 63

The aquatic biome that is a vast realm of open, clear blue water that thus has a much deeper photic zone is the...

Back 63

Oceanic Pelagic Zone

Front 64

What organism accounts for about half of the photosynthetic activity on Earth?

Back 64

Phytoplankton

Front 65

The aquatic biome formed largely from the carbonate skeletons of corals is a...

Back 65

Coral reef

Front 66

What forms a fringing, then a barrier, then a coral atoll?

Back 66

Coral reef

Front 67

T/F: Animal diversity on coral reefs rivals that of tropical rain forests

Back 67

True

Front 68

The coastal region of the ocean it the...

Back 68

Neritic zone

Front 69

What is the marine benthic zone?

Back 69

The ocean floor from the coast to the bottom of the ocean, minus reefs and intertidal zones

Front 70

What is an ecotone?

Back 70

The integrated area between two terrestrial biomes

Front 71

What is particular about tropical dry forests?

Back 71

There is alot of rain but it is highly seasonal

Front 72

T/F: The Savanna is actually within the equatorial region but sometimes can have a dry season of 8 or 9 months.

Back 72

True

Front 73

Matorral, garigue, maeuis, and fynbos are all names for the...

Back 73

Chapparal terrestrial biome which is found in midlatitude all over the world

Front 74

Where is temperate grassland found in America?

Back 74

In the Great Plains

Front 75

The largest terrestrial biome on earth that travels across the band of Canada and Russia is the...

Back 75

Northern Coniferous forest

Front 76

Where is the temperate broadleaf forest found?

Back 76

In North and northeastern America, including KY

Front 77

Where is the tundra and what restricts the growth of plants with roots?

Back 77

In Alaska and the arctic, and the permafrost stops much plant growth