A&p 201 Unit 3

Front 1

Master controlling and communication system of the body

Back 1

Nervous System

Front 2

Functions of the Nervous System

Back 2

1. Sensory Input

2. Integration

3. Motor Output

Front 3

Two Divisions of Nervous System

Back 3

1. Central Nervous System

2. Peripheral Nervous System

Front 4

Central Nervous System consists of:

Back 4

1. Brain

2. Spinal Cord

Front 5

Peripheral Nervous System consists of:

Back 5

Everything outside the CNS. Nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord

Front 6

What are the two function sub divisions of the PNS?

Back 6

1. Sensory Division (Afferent)

2. Motor Division (Efferent)

Front 7

What sub division of the PNS consists of nerve fibers that convey impulses TOWARD the CNS from sensory receptors

Back 7

Sensory Division (AFFERENT=TOWARD)

Front 8

What sub division of the PNS consists of nerve fibers that transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs

Back 8

Motor Division (EFFERENT=AWAY)

Front 9

What are the two subdivisions of the PNS Motor Division?

Back 9

1. Somatic Nervous System

2. Autonomic Nervous System

Front 10

What system is referred to as the voluntary nervous system and is composed of nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles?

Back 10

Somatic Nervous System

Front 11

What system is referred to as the involuntary nervous system and consists of visceral motor nerve fibers that regulate the activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands

Back 11

Autonomic Nervous System

Front 12

What are the two subdivisions of the Autonomic Nervous System?

Back 12

1. Sympathetic Division

2. Parasympathetic Division

Front 13

Which subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System mobilizes body systems during activity, and controls the fight or flight response?

Back 13

Sympathetic Division

Front 14

Which subdivision of the Autonomic Nervous System conserves energy and promotes house-keeping functions during rest?

Back 14

Parasympathetic Division

Front 15

Excitable nerve cells that transmit electrical signals

Back 15

Neurons

Front 16

Supporting cells that surround and wrap around the more delicate neurons?

Back 16

Neuroglia

Front 17

What are the four types of Neuroglia in the CNS?

Back 17

1. Astrocytes

2. Microglia

3. Ependymal

4. Oligodendrocytes

Front 18

"Star Cells"

Abundant and Versatile

Support and brace neurons to nutrient supply line

Recycle released neurotransmitters

Back 18

Astrocytes

Front 19

Thorny, veiny, processes

Monitor health of neurons

Can perform macrophage duties and phagocytize dead neurons or neuronal debri

Back 19

Microglial Cells

Front 20

"Wrapping garment"

Line central cavities of brain and spinal cord

Ciliated

Back 20

Ependymal Cells

Front 21

Line up along the thicker nerve fibers in the CNS and wrap their processes tightly around the fibers

Myelin Sheath

Back 21

Oligodendrocytes

Front 22

What are the two kinds of neuroglia in the PNS?

Back 22

1. Satellite Cells

2. Schwann Cells

Front 23

Cells that surround neuron cell bodies located in the PNS

The "astrocytes" of the PNS

Back 23

Satellite Cells

Front 24

Cells that surround all the nerve fibers in the PNS.

Form myelin sheath around the thicker nerve fibers

Back 24

Schwann Cells

Front 25

What is the structural unit of the nervous system?

Back 25

Neuron

Front 26

What are the three special characteristics of neurons?

Back 26

1. Extreme Longevity

2. Amitotic (can't divide)

3. High Metabolic Rate

Front 27

What are clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

Back 27

Nuclei

Front 28

What are clusters of cell bodies in the PNS

Back 28

Ganglia

Front 29

Bundles of neuron processes in the PNS are called

Back 29

Nerves

Front 30

Bundles of neuron processes in the CNS are called

Back 30

Tracts

Front 31

Movement along the axon away from the cell body

Back 31

Anterograde

Front 32

Movement along the axon towards the cell body

Back 32

Retrograde

Front 33

Protects and insulates fibers

Increases transmission speed of nerve impulses

Only covering axons

Back 33

Myelin Sheath

Front 34

What are gaps between myelin sheath

Back 34

Nodes of Ranvier

Front 35

What is white matter in the brain?

Back 35

Myelinated Fibers

Front 36

What is the gray matter in the brain?

Back 36

Nerve cell bodies

Front 37

What are the three structural classifications of Neurons?

Back 37

1. Mulitpolar

2. Bipolar

3. Unipolar

Front 38

These neurons have three or more processes; one axon and the rest dendrites; most common neuron type

Back 38

Multipolar Neurons

Front 39

These neurons have two process; an axon and a dendrite

Back 39

Bipolar Neurons

Front 40

These neurons have a single short process that emerges from the cell body and divides T-Like into proximal and distal brances

Back 40

Unipolar Neurons

Front 41

What are the 3 functional classifications of neurons?

Back 41

1. Sensory Neurons (afferent)

2. Motor Neurons (efferent)

3. Interneurons

Front 42

Which neurons transmit impulses from sensory receptors in the skin or internal organs toward or into the CNS

Back 42

Sensory Neurons

Front 43

Which neurons carry impulses away fromt eh CNS to the effector organs (muscles and glands) of the body

Back 43

Motor Neurons

Front 44

Which neurons lie between motor and sensory neurons in neural pathways and shuttle signals through CNS pathways where integration occurs

Back 44

Interneurons

Front 45

Interneurons make up over __% of the neurons in the body?

Back 45

99%

Front 46

What is a decrease in membrane potential?

Back 46

Depolarization

Front 47

What is an increase in membrane potential?

Back 47

Hyperpolarization

Front 48

Back 48

Front 49

Back 49

A. Dendrites

B. Cell Body

C. Axon

D. Axon Terminals

Front 50

What is also known as the cell body of a neuron?

Back 50

Soma

Front 51

The rough ER of a neuron is also known as the...

Back 51

Nissl Bodies (chromatophilic substance)

Front 52

A junction that mediates information transfer from one neuron to the next or from a neuron to an effector cell

Back 52

Synapse

Front 53

A potential difference in a resting neuron

Back 53

resting membrane potential

Front 54

What two factors generate the resting membrane potential?

Back 54

1. Differences in the ionic composition of the intracellular and extracellular fluids

2. Differences in the permeability of the plasma membrane to those ions

Front 55

Changes in membrane potential can produce two types of signals:

Back 55

1. Graded Potentials

2. Action Potentials

Front 56

What type of potentials are short lived, localized changes in membrane potential that can be either depolarizations or hyperpolarizations

Back 56

Graded Potentials (local potentials)

Front 57

A brief reversal of a membrane potential with a total amplitude of about 100mV

Back 57

Action Potential

Front 58

What are the stages of an action potential?

Back 58

1. Resting State

2. Depolarization

3. Repolarization

4. Hyperpolarization

Front 59

What stage in an action potential has all Na+ and K+ gates closed?

Back 59

1. Resting State

Front 60

What state in an action potential starts when Na+ channels open. During this stage the stimulation site reaches a critical level called threshold.

Back 60

2. Depolarization

Front 61

What stage in an action potential has the Na+ channels closing and the K+ channels opening.

Back 61

3. Repolarization

Front 62

What stage in an action potential has some of the K+ channels remaining open and all the Na+ channels reset

Back 62

4. Hyperpolarization

Front 63

Period from the opening of the Na+ channels until the Na+ channels begin to reset to their original resting state. No stimulus, no matter the size, can get the neuron to respond and start another action potention

Back 63

Absolute refractory Period

Front 64

Period of time when a stimulus that would normally generate an action potential is no longer sufficient, but an exceptionally strong stimulus can start it
Interval following the absolute refractory period

Back 64

Relative refractory Period

Front 65

Action potentials triggered only at the gaps is a conduction known as....

This type of conduction is 30 times faster than continuous conduction.

Back 65

Saltatory Conduction

Front 66

Part of the axon that contains many tiny, membrane-bounded sacs called synaptic vesicles

Back 66

Axon terminal

Front 67

Tiny, membrane bounded sacs in the axon terminal containing thousands of neurotransmitter molecules

Back 67

synaptic vesicles

Front 68

Stages of chemical synapse transmitting signals to another neuron

Back 68

1. Action potential arrives at axon terminal

2. voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open and Ca2+ enters the axon terminal

3. Ca2+ entry causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitter by exocytosis

4. Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane

5. binding of neurotransmitter opens ion channels, creating grading potentials

6. neurotransmitter effects are terminated

Front 69

The means by which each neuron communicates with others to process and send messages to the rest of the body

Back 69

Neurotransmitter

Front 70

This embryonic structure is the beginning of the brain and spinal cord

Back 70

Neural Tube

Front 71

What are the three primary brain vesicles?

Back 71

1. Prosencephalon (forebrain)

2. Mesencephalon (midbrain)

3. Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Front 72

What two divisions does the Forebrain divide into?

Back 72

1. Telencephalon

2. Diencephalon

Front 73

The hindbrain constricst, forming which two divisions?

Back 73

1. Metencephalon

2. Myelencephalon

Front 74

The telencephalon sprouts two lateral swellings that become what?

Back 74

The two cerebral hemispheres, known as the cerebrum

Front 75

What forms the superior part of the brain, and accounts for about 83% of total brain mass?

Back 75

The cerebral hemispheres

Front 76

Elevated ridges of tissue that mark nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres

Back 76

Gyri

Front 77

Shallow grooves that separate the gyri

Back 77

Sulci

Front 78

Deep grooves that separate large regions of the brain?

Back 78

fissures

Front 79

What separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 79

longitudinal fissure

Front 80

What separates the cerebral hemispheres from the cerebellum below?

Back 80

Transverse Cerebral Fissure

Front 81

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

Back 81

Central Sulcus

Front 82

What separates the occipital lobe from the parietal lobe?

Back 82

parietal-occipital sulcus

Front 83

What sulcus outlines the flaplike temporal lobe, and separates it from the parietal and frontal lobes?

Back 83

Lateral Sulcus

Front 84

What helps form the floor of the lateral sulcus, and is the fifth lobe?

Back 84

Insula

Front 85

What are the three basic regions of the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 85

1. Cerebral Cortex

2. Internal White Matter

3. Basla Nuclei

Front 86

What is the "executive suite" of the nervous system?

Where conscious mind is found

Enables us to be aware of ourselves, our sensations, to communicate, to remember, understand, and initiate voluntary movements

Back 86

Cerebral Cortex

Front 87

What are the motor areas found in the frontal lobe?

Back 87

primary motor cortex

premotor cortex

broca's area

frontal eye field

Front 88

-located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe

-control precise or skilled voluntary movement

-contain pyramidal cells, and pyramidal tracts

Back 88

Primary Motor Cortex

Front 89

-Anterior to the precentral gyrus in the front lobe

-Helps plan movement

-Selects and sequences basic motor movements

-coordinates the movement of several muscle groups simultaneously or sequentially

Back 89

Premotor Cortex

Front 90

-Anterior to the inferior region of the Premotor Area

-Considered to be present in the left hemisphere only

-Motor speech area that directs muscles involved in speech

Back 90

Broca's Area

Front 91

-Partially in and anterior to the premotor cortex

-Superior to Broca's Area

-Controls voluntary movement of the eyes

Back 91

Frontal Eye Field

Front 92

-Resides in the postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

-Neurons receive information from general sensory receptors in the skin

-Just posterior to the primary motor cortex

Back 92

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

Front 93

-Lies just posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

-Integrate sensory inputs (temp, pressure, etc) relayed by primary somatosensory cortex to produce an understanding of an object being felt

Back 93

Somatosensory Associate Cortex

Front 94

-Located on extreme posterior tip of occipital lobe

-Buried deep in the calcarine sulcus

-Largest cortical sensory area

-receives visual information that originals on the retina of the eye

Back 94

Primary Visual Cortex

Front 95

-Surrounds primary visual cortex and covers occipital lobe

-Communicates with primary visual cortex to sue past visual experiences to interpret visual stimuli

-Enables recognition

Back 95

Visual Association Area

Front 96

-Two located in the superior margin of the temporal lobe

-Interprets the impulses from sound energy in the inner ear as pitch, loudness, and location

Back 96

Primary Auditory Cortex

Front 97

-Posterior to Primary Auditory Cortex

-Permits the perception of the sound stimulus

-Memories of sounds are stored here

Back 97

Auditory Association Area

Front 98

-Lies on the medial aspect of the temporal lobe

-Piriform lobe area

-Afferent fibers from smell receptors in nasal cavities send impulse along this area

Back 98

Olfactory Cortex

Front 99

-Region involved in perceiving taste stimuli

Back 99

Gustatory Cortex

Front 100

-Cortex of the insula, just posterior to the gustatory cortex is involved in conscious perception of visceral sensations

-Including: upset stomach, full bladder

, etc

Back 100

Visceral Sensory Area

Front 101

What broad cortex allows ps to give meaning to the information we receive, store it in memory, tie it to previous experience and knowledge, and decide what action to take

Back 101

Multimodal Association Cortex

Front 102

-Located in frontal lobe

-Most complicated cortical region of all

-Involved in: intellect, cognition, recall, and personality

-Develops slowly and relies on positive and negative feedback

Back 102

Anterior Associate Area (Prefrontal Cortex)

Front 103

The anterior associate area is also known as the...

Back 103

prefrontal cortex

Front 104

-Large region encompassing parts of the temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes

-Plays a role in recognizing faces and patterns, and binding different sensory inputs into a whole

-Understanding written and spoken language

Back 104

Posterior Associate Area

Front 105

-Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampus

-Provides emotional impact that makes scene important to us

Back 105

Limbic Associate Area

Front 106

Division of labor for each hemisphere of the brain, where each has it's own abilities not completely shared by its partner

Back 106

Lateralization

Front 107

Designates the hemisphere that is dominant for language

Back 107

cerebral dominance

Front 108

Composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, associate glia and blood vessels, but no fiber tracts.

Contains billions of neurons arranged in six layers, and accounts for 40% of total brain mass

Back 108

Cerebral cortex: Gray Matter

Front 109

Responsible for communication between cerebral areas and between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS centers

-Consists largely of myelinated fibers

Back 109

Cerebral White Matter

Front 110

Fibers that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

Back 110

Association Fibers

Front 111

Fibers that connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemipsheres

-Allows the two hemispheres to function as a coordinated whole

Back 111

Commissural Fibers

Front 112

Largest commissure in brain

Lies superior to the lateral ventricles

Deep within the longitudinal fissure

Back 112

Corpus Callosum

Front 113

Fibers that either enter the cerebral cortex from lower brain or cord centers

-Motor output leaves the cerebral cortex through these fibers

Back 113

Projection Fibers

Front 114

Third basic region of each hemisphere

-Group of subcortical nuclei

Back 114

Basal Nuclei

Front 115

What does the basal nuclei of the cerebral cortex consist of?

Back 115

1. Caudate Nucleus

2. Putamen

3. Globus Pallidus

Front 116

Plays a role in cognitions and emotion

-Have no direct access to motor pathways

-Filters out incorrect or inappropriate responses

Back 116

Basal Nuclei

Front 117

What are the five lobes of the cerebrum?

Back 117

1. Frontal

2. Parietal

3. Temporal

4. Occipital

5. Insula

Front 118

Forms the central core of the forebrain and surrounded by cerebral hemispheres

Back 118

Diencephalon

Front 119

What does the diencephalon consist of?

Back 119

1. thalamus

2. hypothalamus

3. epithalamus

Front 120

-Makes up 80% of the diencephalon

-THE relay station for information coming into the cerebral cortex

-Afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body converge on this

-Information is sorted out and edited

-plays key role in mediating sensation, motor activities, cortical arousal, learning, and memory

Back 120

Thalamus

Front 121

-Main visceral control center of the body

-Vitally important to overall body homeostasis

-Chief Roles: control autonomic nervous system, initiate physical responses to emotion, regulate body temperature, regulate food intake, regulate water balance, regulate sleep-wake cycles, control endocrine system functions

Back 121

Hypothalamus

Front 122

Emotional part of the brain

Back 122

Limbic System

Front 123

-Most dorsal portion of the diencephalon

-Pineal Gland extends from the posterior border

-Helps regulate sleep-wake cycle

Back 123

Epithalamus

Front 124

Regions of the brain stem

Back 124

1. Midbrain

2. pons

3. Medulla Oblongata