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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Body's second great controlling system which influences metabolic activities of cells by means of hormones |
Endocrine System
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chemical messenger released into bloodstream that helps maintain homeostasis; regulate metabolic functions of other cells |
hormones |
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System that carries secretion outside the body or organ cavity using ducts; has extracellular effects (sweat, food digestion) |
Exocrine |
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System that releases hormones inside the body into extracellular fluid or blood |
Endocrine |
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What are the glands in the Endocrine System? |
1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary 3. Thyroid 4. Parathyroid 5. Adrenal 6. Pineal 7. Thymus 8. Pancreas 9. Gonads |
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Hydrophillic hormone; binds to the cell surface receptor and acts by 2nd messenger system Exp: catacholamines, thyroxine, peptides |
Amino-Acid Based |
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Hydrophobic hormone; able to penetrate plasma membrane and enter nucleus to direct gene in/activation exp: estrogen, testosterone, cortisol, aldosterone |
Steroid |
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Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System |
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic Divisions
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Goal of ANS? |
homeostasis |
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Targets of the ANS? |
Involuntary EXP: cardiac, smooth muscles (hollow tubes/organs), glands (endo/exocine glands) |
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What is the master gland that sends hormones all over the body, and carries messages from the boss? |
Pituitary Gland |
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Who's the boss of the ANS? |
Hypothalamus |
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Division of the ANS that involves D activities (digestion, diuresis, defecation); rest, digest, repair; wine dine and chill |
Parasympathetic |
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Division of the ANS that involves E activites (exercise, emergency, excitement, embarrassment) |
Sympathetic |
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Energy Use by Division: Parasympathetic and Sympathetic |
Parasympathetic: Conservative/Low Sympathetic: Fight or Flight/ stressed; mobilized body; blood glucose high |
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Cardiovascular Effect by division: |
Parasympathetic: Slows HR, low-norm BP, low-norm respiration Sympathetic: Increase HR, high BP and respiratory rate |
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Pupil Size by division: |
Parasympathetic: Constricts (needs less info about environment) Sympathetic: dilates (hyperaware) |
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Blood Flow by division: |
Parasympathetic: Universal throughout body; skin is warm Sympathetic: blood flows to muscles; skin cold, clammy, white, sweaty |
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Neuron Set Up & Neurotransmitter Used by Division |
Parasympathetic: Long pre-ganglion, short post ganglion; AcH Sympathetic: Short pre-ganglion, long post ganglion; AcH & NE |
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Spinal Cord by Division |
Parasympathetic: CNIII, CNVII, CNIX, CX T12-L1 S2-S6 Sympathetic: T1-L2 |
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What are the four unique roles of the sympathetic system? |
1. Increase metabolism 2. Cause renin release from kidneys; increases blood pressure 3. Adrenaline release; adrenal medulla 4. Help with thermoregulation; by talking with blood pressure |
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Nerve with most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve; controls the chill out message by controlling and relaxes cardiac, digestive, respiratory, urinary |
Vagus Nerve
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Communication in the Endocrine System happens through? |
1. Neurotransmitters 2. Paracrines 3. Hormones |
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What are the three endocrine glands in the brain? |
1. Pineal 2. Hypothalamus 3. Pituitary |
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Parasympathetic Cranial Nerves? |
Oculomotor Nerve (CNIII) Facial Nerve (CNVII) Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CNIX) Vagus Nerve (CNX) |
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What is the sympathetic Tone? |
Controlling blood pressure, keeping blood vessels in a continual state or partial constriction Blood vessel constriction causes blood pressure to rise, and can prompt vessels to dilate if blood pressure needs to be decreased |
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What is the parasympathetic tone? |
Slows the heart; dictates normal digestive and urinary systems |
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Three types of hormone interaction? |
1. Permissiveness 2. Synergism 3. Antagonism |
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When two hormones are required; 1 comes after the other exp: prolactin needs to be present first to produce milk, then oxytocin can come to stimulate milk release |
Permissiveness |
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When 1 hormone + 1 hormone = avalanche exp: need both FSH+Testosterone for sperm production (well only NEED one, but both together make production of higher quantity) |
Synergism |
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When 1 hormone negates the other; opposites Exp: blood glucose: to high=insulin to low=glucagon |
Antagonism |
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Hormones are synthesized and released in response to: |
1. Humoral Stimuli
2. Neural Stimuli 3. Hormonal Stimuli |
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Secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients |
Humoral Stimuli |
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Nerve fibers stimulate hormone release |
Neural Stimuli |
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Release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs |
Hormonal Stimuli |
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major integrating link between the nervous and endocrine systems; regulates primitive functions from water balance to sex drive Secretes releasing and inhibiting hormones to pituitary |
Hypothalamus |
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Two-lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones; posterior lobe=neural tissue; anterior lobe=glandular tissue |
Pituitary |
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direct neural connection between hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary |
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract |
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What are the two hormones that are transported to the posterior pituitary from the hypotalamo-hypophyseal tract? |
Oxytocin Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) |
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What are the six hormones produced and sent out from the anterior pituitary? |
1. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 2. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) 3. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) 4. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) 5. Prolactin (PRL) 6. Growth Hormone (GH) |
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Which four of the six anterior pituitary hormones are tropic and turn on, change, or regulate the activity of other endocrine glands? |
1. TSH 2. ACTH 3. FSH 4. LH |
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What are the two hormones received, stored, and then secreted by the Posterior Pituitary?
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1) Oxytocin 2) ADH |
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Largest endocrine gland, located anteriorly in the neck. Hormones control metabolism |
Thyroid
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What are the two thyroid hormones, and what do they do?
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T3 & T4 Goal of both is to increase metabolism (all cells). High MB = increased body temp, increased appetite, and increased glucose level. Plays role: maintaining BP, regulating tissue growth, developing skeletal/nervous system, and maturation & reproductive capabilities. |
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Paired, pyramid shaped organs atop the kidneys. Structurally and functionally two glands in one.
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Adrenal Gland 1) Adrenal Medulla 2) Adrenal Cortex |
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Neural tissue of the adrenal gland that acts as part of the Sympathetic Nervous System, and releases nor/epinephrine
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Adrenal Medulla
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Glandular tissue of the adrenal gland that releases corticosteriods
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Adrenal Cortex
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What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex? And what corticosteroid do they produce? |
1) Zona Glomerulosa: aldosterone 2) Zona Fasiculata: cortisol 3) Zona Reticularis: androgens |
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What hormone is responsible for homeostasis of Na+ and K+. It stimulates reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ by the kidneys
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Aldosterone
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What hormone stimulates fat and protein catabolism, gluconeogenesis, and release of fatty acids and glucose into the blood. Helps body adapt to stress and repair tissues |
Cortisol
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What gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine to amplify sympathetic nervous system, causing increases in blood glucose levels, blood vessels to constrict, heart to beat faster.
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Adrenal Medulla
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What gland is an exocrine digestive gland and has endocrine cell clusters found retroperitoneal, inferior, and posterior to the stomach?
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Pancreas
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What are the two different parts of the Pancreas?
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1) Exocrine: Acinar Cells that produce an enzyme rich juice used for digestion 2) Endocrine: islets of Langerhans that produce hormones. Alpha: cells produce glucagon Beta: cells produce insulin |
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Lobulated gland located deep to the sternum, superior to the heart. Produces hormones that are essential for the development of the T lymphocytes of the immune system. Only present during childhood, disinegrates during adolescents |
Thymus
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Gland located posteriorly to the hypothalamus. Produces hormones serotonin and melatonin. Both are involved in the day/night cycle. Serotonin during the days, and melatonin at night. |
Pineal Gland
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What hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the liver, skeletal muscle, bone, and cartilage to produce insulin-like growth factors
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Growth Hormone
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What hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates the adrenal cortex to release corticosteroids that regulate glucose, fat, and protein metabolism Triggered by corticotropin-releasing (CRH) |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
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What hormones, released by the anterior pituitary, are triggered during and after puberty?
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Luteinizing Hormone (LH) |
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What hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, initiates development of ovarian follicles in females, and stimulates sperm production in males?
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Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
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What hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, triggers ovulation, and promotes synthesis and release of estrogens and progesterone in females? And triggers testosterone secretion in males?
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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
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What hormone, released by the anterior pituitary, stimulates milk production in females?
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Prolactin
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What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, stimulates uterine contraction and triggers milk release by the mammary glands?
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Oxytocin
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What hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, is in control of water balance? It can decrease urine production and sweating, allowing kidneys to return water to blood. Also causes constriction of arterioles and increase blood pressure
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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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What hormone plays a role in maintaining blood pressure, regulating tissue growth, and developing skeletal and nervous system. Also increases body temperature, increases appetite, and glucose level. |
Thyroid Hormone
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What hormone produced by parafollicular cells lowers blood calcium levels. This hormone targets skeleton where it can inhibit osteoclast activity and calcium releasing activity from bones. Stimulates calcium uptake and incorporation into bone matrix
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Calcitonin
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What gland is embedded in the posterior aspect of thyroid and secretes PTH?
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parathyroid gland
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What hormone regulates calcium balance in blood by stimulating osteoclast activity and having the bones, kidneys, and small intestines all release calcium back into blood stream
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Parathyroid Hormone
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What hormone stimulates glycogen formation when there is an elevated blood glucose level to help stimulate glucose uptake by cells and help return blood glucose to a normal level?
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Insulin
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What hormone stimulates glycogen breakdown in the liver to help increase blood glucose levels back to normal?
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Glucagon
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This disease results from hyposecretion or hypoactivity of insulin. Signs: polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia. Type 1 and Type 2. |
Diabetes Mellitus
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Which type of diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of beta cells. Treated with diet, exercise, glucose monitoring, and insulin injections |
Type 1
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What are the three types of homeostatic balance that are required to control cellular function?
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water balance electrolyte balance acid-base balance |
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What are the two fluid compartments that water occupies?
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1. Intracellular Fluid 2. Extracellular Fluid |
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What fluid compartment has a high sodium and chloride concentration?
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Extracellular Fluid
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What fluid compartment has a high potassium and phosphate concentration?
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Intracellular Fluid
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Tendency of water to move into a more concentrated solution
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osmotic pressure
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pressure of a fluid in a system
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hydrostatic pressure
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Water balance is regulated by which hormone secreted from pituitary gland? -causes kidneys to conserve water and excrete concentrated urine |
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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What are two hormones that can help regulate water balance in the body?
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ADH Aldosterone: retains sodium in blood, therefor drawing water into the blood |
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What occurs when proportionate amounts of water and sodium are lost without replacement. Total body water declines, but osmolarity remains
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hypovolemia
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Negative water balance; body eliminates significantly more water than sodium. Total water declines, osmolarity rises.
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Dehydration
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Water intoxication; more water than sodium retained or ingested |
hypotonic hydration
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abnormal accumulation of fluid in interstitial spaces, causing swelling of the tissues
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Edema
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a condition in which excess fluid accumulates in a particular locaiton
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fluid sequestration
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low plasma proteins; forces fluids out of capillary beds at the arterial ends Results from protein malnutrition, liver disease, or glomerulonephritis |
Hypoproteinemia
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Salts, acids, and bases in cellular fluid. |
Electrolytes
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Electrolyte balance usually refers to....
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salt
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What are salts important for in electrolyte balance?
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-neuromuscular excitability -secretory activity -membrane permeability -controlling fluid movements |
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The concentration of osmotically active particles in solution
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osmolarity
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What electrolyte ion holds a central position in fluid and electrolyte balance, and accounts for 90-95% of all solutes in the ECF? Principal ion responsible for resting membrane potentials? |
Sodium
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What imbalance and what solution? Excess sodium, caused by dehydration, can lead to hyperextension and edema |
Hypernatremia Solution: ADH, ANP (helps secrete sodium) |
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What imbalance and what solution? Sodium deficit, caused by solute loss, water retention, Addison's disease, renal disease |
Hyponatremia Solution: aldosterone (helps retain sodium in blood) |
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What is the most abundant cation of the ICF, and the greatest determinant of intracellular osmolarity and cell volume? The most dangerous imbalances of electrolytes is with this ion? |
Potassium
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Too much potassium in the blood; sudden increase in ECF makes nerve and muscle cells easily excitable and can produce cardiac arrest. |
Hyperkalemia
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Too little potassium in the blood can occur from sweating, chronic vomiting or diarrhea. Makes nerve and muscle cells less excitable.
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Hypokalemia
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What hormone regulates potassium in the kidney's?
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Aldosterone For every Na+ saved, a K+ is lost |
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What is calcium in the ECF important for?
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blood clotting cell membrane permeability muscle contraction secretory behavior |
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Too little calcium in the blood; can be caused by vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy, acidosis, lactation, etc. Causes nervous and muscular systems to be abnormally excitable.
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Hypocalcemia
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Too much calcium in the blood; inhibits neurons and muscle cells. May cause heart arrhythmias. "bones, stones, groans, and psychiatric overtones" |
Hypercalcemia
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What is calcium balance controlled by in the ECF?
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) --> used when not enough calcium in blood to pull from bones, kidneys, and small intestines back into the blood Calcitonin --> used when too much calcium in blood, and sends extra calcium to bones |
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What are four challenges to the acid-base balance?
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1. lactic acid: anaerobic fermentation 2. phosphoric acid: nucleic acid 3. fatty acids: fat catabolism 4. carbonic acid: carbon dioxide |
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Any substance that donates H+ when mixed with water
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Acid
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Any substance that receives H+ ion and binds to it?
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Base
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Strong acid vs. weak acid
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readily gives up H+ sometimes donates H+ |
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strong base vs. weak base
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better at picking up H+ sometimes picks up H+ |
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pH Scale
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 0--------------6 7 8---------------------14 acidic neutral bases low H+ high H+ |
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what is normal pH range of blood and tissue fluid?
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7.35-7.45
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When arterial blood pH rises above 7.45
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alkalosis
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when arterial pH drops below 7.35
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acidoses
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Any mechanism that resists changes in pH; or can convert strong acids or bases to weak ones
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buffer
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Bicarbonate Buffer System
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Chemical equilibrium between carbonic acid and bicarbonate resists pH changes in the blood. CO2 + H2O <--> H2CO3 <--> H+ + HCO3 |
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Acidoses, excess H+ and low
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