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146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Endocrine |
Ductless; creates hormones and delivers them directly to the blood stream |
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Exocrine |
Ducts; creates substances that are not hormones |
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Hormones |
Lipid base substance that created and used by the endocrine system; interacts with cells and systems with various reactions |
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Pituitary gland
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Produces a majority of the bodies hormones; inferior hypothalamus |
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Anterior pituitary gland |
Extension on the cerebrum; produces 6 horomones |
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Posterior pituitary gland |
Produces 2 hormones; seperate from cerebral tissue |
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Hypothalamus |
Primary control center of the endocrine system |
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Adrenal glands |
Superior to the kidneys; cone shaped |
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Adrenal cortex |
30+ hormones; outside part of the adrenal gland |
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Adrenal medulla |
Creates epinephrine; inside part of the adrenal gland |
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Pancreas |
Both an endocrine/exocrine gland; enzymes for digestion; insulin; glucagon |
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Islets of langerhans |
Location in which insulin is produced |
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Insulin |
Lowers blood sugar; hormone that allows cells to use glucose |
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Glucagon |
Increases blood sugar; glycogen to glucose |
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Pineal gland |
Produces melatonin; posterior diencephalon |
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Blood |
Liquid connective tissue; contains body resources and immune elements |
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Globulins |
Antibodies |
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Fibrinogen |
Substance that aids in creating blood clots |
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Erythrocyte |
"Red cells", blood cells |
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Hemoglobin |
Substance that is comprised of iron; allows for the transportation of oxygen. |
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Leukocytes |
"White cell", immune components |
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Amoeboid motion |
Movement like that of an amoeba |
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Diapedesis |
"Walking cells" |
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Neutrophils |
65% of white blood cells; multi-lobe nucleus; phagocyte |
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Eosinophils |
1-3% of white blood cells; specialized; bilobed nucleus; phagocyte; protozoa and parasite defense |
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Basophils |
.5% of white blood cells; histamine/heparin |
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Monocyte |
10% of white blood cells; largest; similar to neutrophils; migrates from blood to tissue |
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Lymphocytes |
25% of white blood cells; mostly nucleus; antibodies |
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Mediastinum |
Location of the heart and trachea |
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Apex (heart) |
Lowest point of the heart |
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Base (of heart) |
Superior region of the heart |
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Perietal pericardium |
External portion of the pericardium |
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Visceral pericardium |
Internal portion of the pericardium |
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Pericardial cavity |
Space between visceral/parietal pericardium |
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Pericardial fluid |
Fluid inside of pericardial cavity, lubrication |
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Heart wall |
3 layers |
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Epicardium |
Most exterior layer of the heart wall |
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Myocardium |
Middle layer of the heart wall; thick |
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Endocardium |
Interior most layer of the heart wall |
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Atrium |
Top chamber(s) of the heart; left and right |
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Ventricles |
Lower chamber(s) of the heart; left and right |
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Interatrial septum |
Separates right and left atrium; wall |
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Interventricular septum |
Separates right and left ventricles; wall |
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Atrioventricular valves |
AV valve; valve between the atrium and ventricles; tricuspid and mitral(bicuspid) |
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Semilunar valves |
Valve between ventricles and veins/arteries; pulmonary and aortic valve |
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Coronary sulcus |
Divides atrium and ventricles |
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Right atrium |
Return blood from the body; receives deoxygenated blood |
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Inferior vena cava |
Return blood from the inferior region of the body; below diaphram |
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Superior vena cava |
Return blood from the superior region of the body; above diaphram |
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Coronary sinus |
Return (deoxygenated) blood from the heart; small return opening |
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Auricle |
Fringe tissue that lines the edge between atrium and ventricle |
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Right ventricle |
Inferior to atrium; vascular and thick muscle; pumps blood to the lungs |
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Tricuspid valve |
"Three flapped" valve between atrium and ventricle; right AV valve |
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Chordae tendineae |
Tendons that attach tricuspid/bicuspid to papillary muscle |
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Papillary muscles |
Muscle that attaches cordae tendineae to the valve |
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Pulmonary trunk |
Vessel that leads to lungs |
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Pulmonary valve |
Valve between ventricle and pulmonary trunk |
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Right/left pulmonary arteries |
Branches into left/right vessels to lungs; away from heart |
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Left atrium |
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs |
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Pulmonary veins |
Veins (4) that attach directly to atrium; lungs to heart; oxygenated |
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Left ventricle |
Muscular chamber; pumps blood to aorta |
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Bicuspid (mitral) valve |
Similiar to tricuspid; only 2 flaps; left atrium to left ventricle |
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Aortic valve |
Valve between left ventricle and aorta |
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Pulmonary circulation |
From heart to lungs and back |
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Systemic circulation |
From heart to body and back |
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Tunica externa |
External blood vessel |
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Tunica media |
Smooth muscle, middle layer |
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Tunica interna |
Internal blood vessel |
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Endothelium |
Capillaries; simple squamous |
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Arteries, arterioles, capaillaries |
No valves; high pressure |
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Veins, venules |
Contains valves; low pressure |
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Aortic arch |
Between ascending and descending aorta |
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Brachiocephalic trunk |
Supplies blood to head and right arm |
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Left common carotid |
Inside of neck; to head |
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Left subclavian (artery) |
Under clavicle; to arm; departing blood |
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Common cartoid |
From brachiocephalic trunk to head |
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Internal carotid |
To interior of head |
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External carotid |
To exterior of head |
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Subclavian (artery) |
From brachiocephalic trunk to axillary; under clavicle; departing blood |
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Brachial (artery) |
From axillary to radial/ulnar; upper arm; departing blood |
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Radial (artery) |
Lateral to ulnar; after brachial; departing blood |
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Ulnar (artery) |
Medial to radial; after brachial; departing blood |
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Ascending aorta |
Base of aorta; between valve and arch |
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Thoracic aorta |
Post aortic arch; superior to diaphragm; descending aorta |
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Abdominal aorta |
Post thoracic aorta and diaphragm; to lower extremity; descending aorta |
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Common iliac (artery) |
Post aortic bifurcation; starts left and right at L4; departing blood |
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Internal iliac (artery) |
Branches off of common iliac; left and right; supplies blood to groin; departing blood |
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External iliac (artery) |
Branches off of common iliac; circulation to lower extremities; departing blood |
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Femoral (artery) |
Palpable; inguinal ligament to knee; departing blood |
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Popliteal (artery) |
Branches off of femoral artery; knee; departing blood |
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Superior vena cava |
Return blood from upper extremities above diaphragm |
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Brachiocephalic vein |
blood from head and arm |
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Internal jugular |
Parallel to carotid in location and function; return blood to superior vena cava |
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Subclavian vein |
Below the clavicle; return blood |
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Superficial veins |
Secondary venous system |
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Basilic (vein) |
Medial to brachial vein; return blood |
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Cephalic (vein) |
Runs lateral to the brachial vein; return blood |
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Median cubital |
Common location of blood draws; center of anterior elbow |
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Inferior vena cava |
Return from lower extremities; below diaphragm |
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Common iliac vein |
Right and left; major vein in leg; lower extremities; return blood |
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Internal iliac vein |
Right and left; from groin; return blood |
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External iliac vein |
Right and left; from leg; return blood |
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Femoral vein |
Through thigh; return blood |
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Popliteal vein |
Through knee; return blood |
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Great saphenous |
From medial aspect of the foot to the base of the femoral vein; return blood; secondary vein |
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Hepatic portal |
From intestine/stomach to liver |
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Respiration |
Exchange gasses |
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Upper respiratory tract |
Nose; nasal cavity; nasopharynx |
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Lower respiratory tract |
Lungs; larynx; trachea; bronchi/branchioles |
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Conducting division |
Passage to avoli |
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Respiratory division |
Avoli |
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Conducting system |
Warms and cleanses air |
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Perpendicular plate |
Superior nasal bone; septum |
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Volmer |
Inferior nasal bone; septum |
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Nasopharynx |
Upper respiratory tract; nose and nasal passages |
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Uvula |
Hanging from palatine; posterior mouth |
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Pharyngeal tonsils |
Posterior nasopharynx; recedes; adenoids |
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Lingual tonsils |
Posterior tongue; near epiglottis |
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Laryngopharynx |
"Voice box" |
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Epiglottis |
Cartilage that covers trachea |
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Thyroid cartilage |
Shield like structure; voice box and thyroid gland |
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Laryngeal prominence |
"Adams apple" |
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Glottis |
Opening that functions as a pressure valve |
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Cricoid cartilage |
Creates a full ring of cartilage around trachea; inferior to thyroid cartilage |
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Vocal folds |
Causes the creation of sound/voice |
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Tracheal rings |
"C" shaped cartilage; creates structure for trachea |
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Carina |
Location in which the trachea bifurcates |
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Bronchus |
Branches off of trachea at carina; left and right |
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Primary bronchus |
Enters lung as a single branch |
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Secondary branch |
Branches in two segments in lungs |
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Tertiary |
Branches a third time inside of lungs |
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Bronchioles |
Small tubes that lead to alveolar duct |
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Alveolar duct |
Leads to alveoli |
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Alveolar sac |
Clusters of alveoli |
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Alveoli |
Location to O2 and CO2 exchange with air |
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Alveolar macrophages |
Cleans alveoli |
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Base (lungs) |
Bottom of diaphragm |
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Apex (lungs) |
Superior point of the lungs |
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Superior lobe |
Top lung lobe |
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Oblique fissure |
Diagonal separation of two lobes |
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Cardiac notch |
Location in which the left side of the heart rests; left lung |
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Middle lobe |
Center lobe of right lung |
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Horizontal fissure |
Fissure that is parallel to the diaphragm; from left to right; separates two lobes |
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Mediastinum |
Central location of the thorax; location of heart and trachea |
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Parietal pleura |
Inside surface of the thoracic walls |
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Visceral pleura |
Exterior surface of thoracic organs |
