A&p 2 - Chapter 17 -Blood

Front 1

Leukopenia

Back 1

An abnormally low wbc count, usually due to decreased production
E.g. Drugs, radiation, chemo

Front 2

Leukemia

Back 2

Cancer of the WBC precursors in the bone marrow. Clones of a single, non-functional WBC. Impairs normal bone marrow function

Front 3

Platelets

Back 3

Fragments of large cells called megakaryocytes, found in the bone marrow. Critical to clotting process

Front 4

Platelet count and size

Back 4

2-4 micrometers, 150,000 - 400,000

Front 5

Hemostasis

Back 5

Stoppage of bleeding

Front 6

3 stages of hemostasis

Back 6

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Front 7

Explain "vascular spasm"

Back 7

The immediate vasoconstriction response to blood vessel injury

Front 8

Explain "platelet plug formation"

Back 8

Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers, platelets adheres, they release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, plug forms

Front 9

Explain "coagulation"

Back 9

Fibrin forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and plates forming a clot -turns to gel

Front 10

Blood

Back 10

Specialized connective tissue consisting of cells and formed elements suspended in the fluid matrix

Front 11

Erythrocytes

Back 11

Red blood cells, about 45% by volume

Front 12

Serum

Back 12

Plasma minus the clotting factors. (mainly fibrinogen)

Front 13

Fibrinolysis

Back 13

Removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin

Front 14

Antithrombin III

Back 14

Inactivates thrombin not bound to fibrin (flowing freely in bloodstream)

Front 15

Heparin

Back 15

Natural anticoagulant that increases antithrombin III activity, inhibits intrinsic pathway

Front 16

Warfarin

Back 16

Goes after vitamin k production, taken orally

Front 17

Thromboembolic disorders result from undesirable clotting. Name 3 ways:

Back 17

1. Turbulent flow - at bifurcation
2. Stasis - slow flowing blood
3. Hypercoagulation - genetic

Front 18

Thrombus

Back 18

A clot that develops inside an intact blood vessel

Front 19

Embolus

Back 19

A thrombus that breaks free and travels through the vascular system. When lodged in vessel, known as embolism

Front 20

Thrombocytopenia

Back 20

Abnmorally low platelet count (<50,000/mm^3), unusually due to decreased production - drugs, chemotherapy, radiation, leukemia

Front 21

Hemophilia

Back 21

Genetic absence of one of the clotting factors (factor 8 or factor 9)

Front 22

Cirrhosis, hepatitis, lack of vitamin k, or major blood loss can lead to :

Back 22

Decreased levels of clotting factors, especially fibrinogen

Front 23

Free Hb in plasma will cause__________ __________

Back 23

Kidney failure

Front 24

PMI

Back 24

Point of maximal intensity

Front 25

How many molecules of O2 can Hb bind to?

Back 25

4

Front 26

Hematopoiesis

Back 26

red blood cell formation, occurs in the red bone marrow

Front 27

Hemocytoblast

Back 27

stem cell that gives rise to all the formed elements

Front 28

Erythropoiesis

Back 28

the formation of erythrocytes

Front 29

reticulocyte

Back 29

young RBC; the reticulocyte count reflects the rate of RBC formation

Front 30

EPO stands for ? and is controlled by what?

Back 30

erythropoietin; it is a hormone made by the kidney

Front 31

When is EPO released?

Back 31

when there is a decreased blood O2 content - could be from decrease in RBCs, decreased Hb in each RBC, or decreased O2 saturation

Front 32

What does EPO do to the HCT?

Back 32

EPO increases, HCT increases, and vice versa

Front 33

Lifespan of an RBC

Back 33

100-120 days

Front 34

Old RBC's are destroyed by the _______

Back 34

spleen

Front 35

Fate and destruction of RBCs - Hemoglobin is broken down into :

Back 35

heme pigment and globin

Front 36

Fate of RBC's: Heme is broken down into what? Fate of these?

Back 36

Iron and Bilirubin; Iron is stored in the spleen and returned to bone marrow for reuse; Bilirubin is stored in the liver and excreted in the bile.

Front 37

Fate of RBC's: Globin is broken down into what?

Back 37

amino acids that are then reused

Front 38

What is the rato between the hematocrit and hemoglobin?

Back 38

3:1 ; if the hematocrit is about 45% then the hemoglobin will be about 15g Hb/100 mL

Front 39

Anemia - definition and symptoms

Back 39

an abnormally low O2 carrying capacity or decreased number of binding sites; causes fatigue, pallor, shortness of breath

Front 40

Anemia is caused by:

Back 40

decreased number of RBCs , decreased Hb content, or an abnormal Hb

Front 41

What causes the amount of RBC's to decrease?

Back 41

blood loss (acute or chronic), RBC destruction (hemolysis), or bone marrow failure (drugs, chemicals, radiation, etc)

Front 42

What causes a decrease in Hb content?

Back 42

iron deficiency - from chronic blood loss or low iron intake

Front 43

What causes an abnormal Hb?

Back 43

Usually a genetic condition (sickle cell anemia)

Front 44

Polycythemia

Back 44

an abnormal excess of RBC's causes increased blood viscosity - - from cancer or by injecting EPO

Front 45

Positive chemotaxis

Back 45

movement of leukocytes; follow chemical trail of molecules released by damaged cells, pinpoint areas of tissue damage and infection

Front 46

Normal WBC count

Back 46

5,000 to 11,000 per microliter

Front 47

Basic function of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

Back 47

fight bacteria, fight parasites or intruders, release histamine or respond to allergies

Front 48

Leukopoiesis

Back 48

the formation of WBCs - regulated by the production of interleukins (IL-1, IL-2, etc) and colony-stimulating factors in the bone marrow and by mature WBCs

Front 49

Leukopoiesis involves differentiation of hemocytoblasts along two pathways:

Back 49

lymphoid stem cells- produce lymphocytes; myelod stem cells - give rise to all other formed elements

Front 50

Granulocytes are stored in:

Back 50

the bone marrow

Front 51

lymphocytes are stored in:

Back 51

the lymphoid tissue

Front 52

Clotting factors are made in the _______ and require _________ __ to be produced

Back 52

liver; vitamin K

Front 53

What are the three phases of coagulation?

Back 53

1. prothrombin activator is formed
2. prothrombin activator converts a plasma protiein called prothrombin into thrombin, an enzyme
3. Thrombin catalyzes the joining of fibrinogen molecules present in plasma to a fibrin mesh, which traps blood cells and seals the hole until repair

Front 54

fribrin is water-_______ while fibrinogen is water-_________

Back 54

insoluble, soluble

Front 55

clot formation takes about ____min

Back 55

6

Front 56

clot retraction

Back 56

process in which contractile proteins within platelets contract on pull on the neighboring fibrin strands, sqeezing serum from clot, and pulling damaged tissue edges together

Front 57

serum

Back 57

plasma minus the clotting factor (mainly fibrinogen)

Front 58

Fibrinolysis

Back 58

removes unneeded clots through the action of the fibrin-digesting enzyme plasmin

Front 59

plasmin

Back 59

fibrin digesting enzyme

Front 60

-ogen

Back 60

means inactive

Front 61

Factore limiting clot growth formation

Back 61

rapidly moving blood dilutes clotting factors before they can initiate a clotting cascade; and Antithrombin 3

Front 62

Transfusion of blood usually contains (what elements)?

Back 62

packed red blood cells (PBRCs) - most of plasma is removed

Front 63

Agglutination

Back 63

clumping - caused by a transfusion reaction

Front 64

Cross-matching (blood transfusion)

Back 64

donor cells are mixed with recipient serum and vice versa- usually done but can be skipped in an emergency (type-specific blood)