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124 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Superior
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Towards the head, up
EX. The head is superior to the abdomen. |
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Inferior
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Away from the head, below
EX. The navel is inferior to the chin. |
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Anterior
(Ventral) |
Toward or at the from of the body, in front of
EX. The breastbone is anterior to the spine. |
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Posterior
(Dorsal) |
Toward or at the the back of the body, behind
EX. The heart is posterior to the breastbone. |
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Medial
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Toward or at the midline of the body
EX. The heart is medial to the arm. |
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Lateral
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Away from the midlineof the body
EX. The arms are lateral to the chest |
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Intermediate
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Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
EX. The collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and shoulder. |
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Proximal
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Closer to the origin of the body part; use with arms and legs only
EX. The elbow is proximal to the wrist |
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Distal
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Farther from the origin of a body part; use with arms and legs only
EX. The knee is distal to the thigh. |
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Superficial
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Toward or at the body surface
EX. The skin is superficial to the skeletal muscles. |
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Deep
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Away from the body surface, more internal
EX. The lungs are deep to the skin. |
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Axial
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head, neck, and trunk
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Appendicular
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appendages or limbs
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Sagittal
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divides the body into right and left parts
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Midsagittal or medial
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sagittal plane that lies on the midline
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Frontal or coronal
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divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
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Transverse or horizontal
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divides the body into superior and inferior parts
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Oblique section
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cuts made diagonally
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Anatomical Position
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Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body
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Dorsal cavity
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protects the nervous system, and is divided into 2 subdivisions:
Crainial, Vertebral |
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Cranial cavity
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within the skull and encases the brain
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Vertebral cavity
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runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord
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Ventral Cavity
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houses the internal organs (viscera) and is divided into 2 subdivisions:
thoracic and abdominopelvic |
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Thoracic cavity
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subdivided into pleural cavities, the midiastinum and the pericardial cavity
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Plural cavity
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each houses a lung
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Mediastinum cavity
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contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs
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Pericardial cavity
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encloses the heart
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Abdominopelvic cavity
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seperated from the superior thoracic cavity by the diaphragm
composed of 2 subdivisions: Abdominal, Pelvic cavities |
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Abdominal cavity
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contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs
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Pelvic cavity
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lies withing the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs and rectum
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Oral and digestive cavity
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mouth and cavities of the digestuve organs
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Nasal cavity
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located within and posterior to the nose
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Orbital cavity
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houses the eyes
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Middle ear cavity
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contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations
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Synovial cavity
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joint cavities
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9 abdominopelvic regions
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Rt. hypochondriac, epigastric, lt. hypochondriac
Rt. limbar, umbilical, lf. lumbar rt. illiac, hypogastric, lt. illiac |
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organs found in the Epigastric region
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contains part of the liver, the stomach, and the pancreas
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organs found in the Rt. Hypochondriac region
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gallbladder, rt. lobe of the liver, and upper part of the rt. kidney
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organs found in the Lt. Hypochondriac region
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spleen, parts of the stomach, the pancreas, and the left kidney
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organs found in the Unbilical region
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midsection of the transverse colon and much of ths small intestine
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organs found in the Rt. Lumbar region
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ascending colon and parts of the small intestine and right kidney
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organs found in the Lt. Lumber region
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parts of the small intestine, the decending colon, and the left kidney
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organs found in the Hypogastric region
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parts of the small intestine, parts of the sigmoid colon, and the urinary bladder
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organs found in the Rt. Illiac region
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part of the small intestine, the lower end of the cecum, abd the appendix
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organs found in the Lt. Illiac region
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part of the small intesting, and the junction of the descending and sigmoid parts od the colon.
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Integumentary system
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* forms the external body coverings
* composed of skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair and nails * protects deep tissues from injury and synthesis of Vitamin D |
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Skeletal System
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* composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
* protects and supports body organs * forms levers for movement * provides the framework for muscles * site of blood cell formationa and storage * Stores minerals - calcium, phosphorus |
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Muscular system
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* composed of muscles and tissues
* allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression * maintains posture * produces heat * protection |
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Nervous system
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* composed of the brain, spinl column, and nerves
* controls higher thought process * Is the fast-acting control system of the body * responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands |
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Cardiovascular system
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* composed of the heart and blood vessels
* The heart pumps blood * the blood vessels transport blood throughout the body * Other things transported by blood vessesl are: food, oxygen, wastes, hormones, heat, etc. |
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Lymphatic system
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* composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
* picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood * disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream - filters out * houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
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Respiratory system
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* composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, brinchi and lungs
* keeps blood supplied with oxygen to release energy and removes carbon dioxide |
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Digestive system
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* composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
* breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood * eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces |
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Urinary system
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* composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
* eliminates nitrigenous wastes from the body * regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance from the blood * maintains homeostasis |
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Male reproductive system
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* compsoed of prostrate gland, penis, testes, sctotum, and ductus deferns
* main function is the production of offspring * testes produce sperm and male sex hormones * duct and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract |
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Female reproductive system
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* composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
* main function is the production of offspring * Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones * remianing structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus * mammary glands produce milk for nourishment of the newborn |
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Levels of structural organization
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* chemical - atoms combined to from molecules
* cellular- cells are made of molecules * tissue- consist of similar types of cells * organ- made up of different types of tissues * organ system- consists of different organs that work closely together * organismal- made up of organ systems |
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Necessary Life Functions (8)
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* Maintaining boundries - the external is distinct from the internal
* Movement * Responsiveness - ability to sense change and respond to it * Digestion - breakdown of foodstuffs * Metabolism- all chemical reactions that occur in the body * Excretion * Reproduction- cellular and organismal levels * Growth |
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Negative feedback
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* the output shuts off the original stimulus
* most reactions in the body are negative feedback * feeds back to origional starting place * there is always an inhibiting factor involved EX. Regulation of blood glucose levels, regulation of body temp |
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Positive Feedback
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* the output enhances or exaggerates the origional stimulus
EX. Regulation of blood clotting, oxytocin during labor for contractions |
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What does "strucutre determines function" mean?
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* function always reflects structure
* what a structure can do depends on its specific form |
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Serous membranes
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* line cavities or structures that do not open to the outside of the body
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Visceral membranes
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* the layer that adheres to an organ.
* visceral pleura - lungs * visceral pericardium - heart * Visceral peritoneum - abdominal cavity |
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Parietal membranes
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* the layer that lines the cavity in which the organ lies
* parietal pleura - lungs * parietal pericardium - heart * parietal peritoneum - abdominal cavity |
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4 main elements of the body
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* Oxygen
* Carbon * Hydrogen * Nitrogen |
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Which compound is most common in the body?
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H2O
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Combination reaction
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* synthesis reactions which always involve bond formation
EX. A + B = AB |
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Decomposition reaction
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* Molecules are broken down into smaller molecules
EX. AB = A + B |
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Exchange reaction
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* Bonds are both made and broken
EX. AB + C = AC + B |
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Oxidation-Reduction reaction
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* reactants losing electrons are electron donors and are oxidized
* reactants gaining electrons are electron acceptors and become reduced L E O says G E R O X A E S I I D S D N U I C Z E E |
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Factors that affect chemical reactions
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* Temperature - reactions take place quicker at higher temps
* Particle size - the smaller the particle the faster the reaction * Concentration - higher reacting particle concentrations produce faster reactions * Catalysts - increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed * Enzymes - biological catalysts |
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Characteristnics of Enzymes
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* tertiary (gobular) proteins that act as biological catalysts
* needed in small amounts * never used up * destroyed by heat and heavy metals * work in a "lock and key" method * have an active site * lower temperature at which reactions take place * end in "ase" * specific to what they work on |
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4 Main Elements
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Oxygen (O)
Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) |
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Dehydration synthesis
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when large carboydrates or protein molecules are synthesized from smaller molecules, a water molecule is removed from every bond formed
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Hydrolysis
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chemical reaction or process in which a chemical compound is made smaller by adding water
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Characteristics of H2O
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* high heat capacity-absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temps
* high heat of vaporization-changing from a liquid to a gas * polar colvent properties-dissolves ionic substances, forms hyfration layers around large charged molecules * reacvity- important part of dehydration and hydrolysis |
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Uses of water in the body
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* aides in digestion and removal of wastes
* serves as the body's major transport meium * resiliant cushion around certain body organs |
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Acids
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* release H+
* proton donors |
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Bases
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* release OH-
* proton acceptor |
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pH
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* acidic solutions have haigher H+ concentration and therefore a lower pH - 0-6.99
* Basic (alkaline) solutions have lower H+ concentration and therefore a higher pH - 7.01-14 * Neutral solutions have equal H+ and OH- concentrations - pH 7.0 |
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4 levels of proteins and their structures
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* primary - amino acid sequence held together by peptide bonds
* secondary- alpha helices or beta pleated sheets * tertiary- superimposed folding of secondary structures- maintained by covalent and hydrogen bonds * quaternary- polypeptide chains linked together in a specific manner - hemoglobin |
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Kinetic energy
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energy in action
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potential energy
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energy of position; stored (inactive)energy
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Types of energy
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* chemical - stored in the bonds of chemical substances
* electrical - results from the movement of charged particles * mechanical - directly involved in moving matter * radiant or electromagnetic- energy traveling in waves |
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Element- define
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unique substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical methods
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atom - define
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a unit of matter, the smallest unit of an element
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matter - define
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* the stuff of the universe
* anything that has mass and takes up space |
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mass -define
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equal to the amount of matter in an object, constant
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weight - define
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weight varies with gravity
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monosaccharide - define
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* simple sugars
* single-chain or single-ring structures containing from 3 to 7 carbon atoms |
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disaccharide - define
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* double sugar
* formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined by dehydration synthesis |
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polysaccharide - define
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* long chains of simple sugars linked together by dehydration synthesis
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peptide bonds - define
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* Any of various natural or synthetic compounds containing two or more amino acids linked by the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of another
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energy- define
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the capacity to do work or to put matter into motion
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glycogen - define
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Main carbohydrate stored in animal cells; a polysaccharide
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cholesterol - define
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Steroid found in animal fats as well as in most body tissues; made by the liver.
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steroids - define
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Group of chemical substances including certain hormones and cholesterol; they are fat soluble and contain little oxygen.
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covalent bonds
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* shared
* strong bond * Chemical bond created by electron sharing between atoms |
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Ionic bond
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* charged
* strong bond * Chemical bond formed by electron transfer between atoms |
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hydrogen bond
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* weak bond
* a hydrogen atom forms a bridge between two electron-hungry atoms. An important intramolecular bond. |
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polar
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Nonsymmetrical molecules that contain electrically unbalanced atoms
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nonpolar
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Electrically balanced molecules
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6 basic nutrients
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* Water
* Vitamins * Minerals * Lipids (fats) * Protein * Carbohydrates |
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3 nutrients that make energy
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* Lipids (fats)
* Protein * Carbohydrates |
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Which nurtient is a co-factor?
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Minerals
* Metal ion or organic molecule that is required for enzyme activity |
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Which nutrient is a coenzyme?
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Vitamins
* Nonprotein substance associated with and activating an enzyme, typically a vitamin. |
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denaturation - define
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To cause the tertiary structure of (a protein) to unfold, as with heat, alkali, or acid, so that some of its original properties, especially its biological activity, are diminished or eliminated.
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Mixtures
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* 2 or more components physically intermixed ( not chemically bonded)
* most can be seperated by physical means * can be heterogeneous or homogeneous |
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Solution - define
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* A homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, which may be solids, liquids, gases, or a combination of these
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colloid - define
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* A mixture in which the solute particles (usually proteins) do not settle out readily.
* heterogeneous * light is visable |
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suspension - define
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* Heterogeneous mixtures with large, often visible solutes that tend to settle out.
* no light is viasble |
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Soulte - define
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* substance(s) present in smaller smounts
* deing dissolved |
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Solvent - define
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* substance present in greatest amount
* doing the dissolving |
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Heterogeneous - define
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* Consisting of dissimilar elements or parts
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Homogeneous - define
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* Of the same or similar nature or kind
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Homeostasis
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* the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
* internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equalibrium |
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Atoms
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* identical building blocks for each element
* nucleus consists of protons and neutrons * Neutron - have no charge and a mass of 1 amu * Proton - have a positive charge and a mass of 1 amu * Electron - found orbiting the nucleus; have a negative charce and 1/2000 the mass of a proton - 0 amu |
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Makeup of DNA
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* double-stranded helical molecule found in the nucleus of the cell
* replicates itself before the cell divides, ensuring genetic continuity * provides instructions for protein synthesis * adenine(A), guanine(G), cytosine(C), thymine(T), and uricil(U) |
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Structure of a macromolecule
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* Large, complex molecules containing from 100 to over 10,000 amino acids
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ATP
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* source of immediately usable energy for the cell
* adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with 3 phosphate groups |
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ADP
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* A nucleotide, composed of adenosine and two linked phosphate groups, that is converted to ATP for the storage of energy
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AMP
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* A mononucleotide, found in animal cells and reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP; adenosine monophosphate. Also called adenylic acid.
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Which compound is most common?
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H 2 O
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Which element is most common?
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Oxygen
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