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118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two areas of anthropology? Describe them. |
Cultural Anthropology: Study of origin, development, and functioning human cultures. (abilities, ideas, and behaviors of those within the culture) Physical Anthropology: Study human evolution, human biology and other primates. |
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What did the Leakeys do? |
- Studied human species in Kenya - Constructed series of ancient human civilizations existing 100,000 - 2,000,000 years ago - Unearthed human skeleton remains of Austalopithecus and Homo habills. |
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What is ethnocentrism? |
The feeling that the lifestyle, values and patterns of adaptation of ones own group are superior to those of other groups. |
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What was the Industrial Revolution? |
- Began in England where economy changes when farmers had to find factory jobs in cities. - Lead to social problems (pollution malnutrition, disease, etc.) which lead to social unrest and disorder. - For society to word, they had to understand and deal with the new problems. |
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What was the Political Revolution? |
- Revolutions and near revolutions in Europe and North America caused disruption. - American and French revolutions changed the world when governments and society became corrupt. - Sociologists used enlightenment (reason and science) to provide solutions and ideas for changing the society. |
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What did Emilie Drukheim contribute? |
- Brought sociology into the forefront - Wrote the first journal of sociology (founded) - Developed theories of social facts (includes customs, institutions, and control organizations) |
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What did Karl Marx contribute? |
- Thought capitalism (which brought class differences) would be replaces with communism. - Wrote The Communist Manifesto |
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What did Mark Weber contribute? |
- Disagreed with Marx's theory - Believed that human values and beliefs affects how people act in history
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What did George Herbert Mead contribute? |
- Interested in social interactivism (how people define situations in various roles and settings withing society) |
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What do psychologists do? |
- Try to describe, explain predict, and control behavior and mental processes. - They provide knowledge that humans with problems have using scientific care. |
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What are the seven subfields of psychology? What's the focus of each? |
Biological: Role of biological process & heredity in explaining behavior Psychoanalytic: Role of unconscious motivation & childhood. Behavioral: Role of environment in shaping and controlling behavior. Cognitive: Importance of mental processes that underlie behavior. Humanistic: Importance of persons subjective experience to understand behavior. Evolutionary: Role of inherited tendencies proven adaptive in humans. Sociocultural: Effects of society on culture and behavior.
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Define conditioning. |
A type of learning in which an animal or person responds to a stimulation a way that normally does not bring that response. |
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What did Dr. Ivan Pavlov contribute to the study of psychology? |
Proved the idea that humans will act without actually proving your theories under controlled conditions. (classical conditioning) |
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What does evolution mean? |
The slow continual process of change over time. |
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Who was Charles Darwin? |
- A British scientist who traveled the world conducting a five year study which lead to his book: The Origins of Species. |
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What's Natural Selection? |
Darwin's theory used to describe the process by which animals and plants best adapt to their environment to survive and produce similar offspring. (survival of the fittest) |
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Who was Gregor Mendel? |
A scientist who showed that a human inherits a variety of characteristics from their biological parents, yet maintains a unique DNA code. |
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What is a paleoanthropolgist? |
A scientist who studies various aspects of prehistoric fossils and artifact and pieces together the evolutionary pattern of humans over time. |
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What is primatology? |
The study of primates, their biology, thinking, and communication patterns. |
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How are humans different from other primates? |
1) Bipedalism - The ability to walk upright on two legs over long distances, carry objects and preform tasks while standing. 2) Opposable Thumb - Gives human hand a greater range of motion to manipulate objects. 3) Binocular Vision - To see with both eyes simultaneously. It's 3-D vision, allowing humans to judge distance better. |
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What are components of culture? |
They are learned and shared behaviors, knowledge, beliefs, values, laws and language that is passed onto members through socialization. |
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What is a value? Belief? Norm? Folkway? Mores? Laws? |
Values: What's considered good or bad, right or wrong Beliefs: More specific than values Norms: Accepted ways of behaving and acting towards others Folkways: Everyday manners and etiquette Mores: Strongly held norms that reflect the values Laws: Rules that are enforced by the governing body. |
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What is cultural relativism theory? |
Franz Boas stated that a culture must be understood on it's own terms and it's own internal terms. |
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What is the functional theory? |
The belief that all aspects in a culture function to meet the needs of the individuals and the whole society. (all aspects of culture are interdependent to ensure its long term survival) |
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What is the cultural materialism theory? |
Marvin Harris stated that resources or conditions within the environment influence how a culture develops. |
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What is the feminist anthropology theory? |
Belief that it is cultures that determine gender roles, not biology. |
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What did Jane Goodall study? What did she find? |
- Studied chimpanzees (98.7% DNA) - Chimps share the same feelings with humans (fear, joy, etc.) - Chimps used tools (long grass stem to get termites from mounds) - Hierarchy with chimps such as Alpha males - Form cliques, factions and alliances - Wage wars - Aggressive to outsiders - Distinct personalities |
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What did Dian Fossey study? What did she find? |
- Studied gorillas (97.7% DNA) - 5 digits - Should act submissive around them so they don't feel threatened - Highly structured social system (Alpha Male: silverback) - Affectionate with family, aggressive with outsiders - Protect and care for their young |
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What did Birute Galdikas study? What did she find? |
- Studied orangutans (97% DNA similar) - They like to be left alone (can spend weeks in trees without coming in contact with his kind) - Large memories (memorizing food locations) - Uses leaves as protective gloves/napkins, sticks to poke holes in trees to get insects, fruit, etc. branches to swat insects (tools) - Child care takes up to 6 years - 45 year life span - Plays games ("snagriding") and emits "rasberry sounds" |
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Explain Freud's theory of personality? |
- Believes in the importance of nurture - Personality is made up of three parts: Id, ego, and superego. - Id wants immediate satisfaction (first instincts) - Ego is what balances the Id and superego - Superego is similar to conscience. It tries to stop things it knows is bad/wrong. |
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What are the three levels of consciousness? |
Conscious- What you are aware of right now, in your awake, alert state. Preconscious- Memories you aren't aware of at the moment but can easily recall. Unconscious- Millions of pieces of information you are not aware of. Freud says we can access this part of the mind through dreams and hypnosis. |
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What is psychology? |
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes of humans and animals. |
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What are the 4 key psychological theories? Explain each. |
1) Psychodynamic: Belief that unlocking the unconscious mind is the key to understanding human behavior and relationships. 2) Behaviourism: Belief that psychologists need evidence obtained through experimentation to understand and change human behavior 3) Humanistic: The patient should be involved in his or her own recovery, rather than just relying on the therapists interpretations. 4) Cognitive: Centers around study and application of how brain learns.And involves beliefs, motivation and desires. |
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Define the term hereditary (nature). |
Your genetic makeup (DNA) has already decided what kind of person you are. You are born with traits you cannot alter. Nature implies that biology is most responsible for who you are. |
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Define the term environment (nurture). |
Implies that the environment around you is responsible for who you are. The people who you associate with, the organizations you belong to, the institutions within our society influence what kind of person you are. |
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Describe Harry Harlow's experiment. |
He separated baby monkeys from their mothers and offered them a choice between surrogate mothers, one made of terry cloth and the other one of wire. One had food (wire) but the other one (cloth) was the one they came to but only came to the wire mother for food. |
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What did Noam Chomsky theorize about how we acquire language? |
Innate Acquisition Theory: Humans are born possessing language and grammar. Children acquire language so rapidly, they only need to hear the language to speak it. |
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What is an isolate? Feral? |
Isolate: A child who has been kept away from others and has received the minimum of health care; in the home. Feral: A child who has spent a significant time lost or abandoned with little or no human contact (usually in the wild). Primary socialization is with animals. |
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Define socialization. |
The process by which we learn certain behaviors, skills, values and beliefs that are valued by society. |
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What is the role of the pre-frontal cortex in continuing the development of the brain during adolescence and into one's twenties? |
- Thinking of consequences - Considering the past, present and future. |
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Define mental health. |
The psychological condition of the mind. |
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What's the mental health act? |
- Claims that a patient can beadmitted to a hospital or psychiatric institution as an involuntary patient only if the patients illness is "likely" to cause bodily harm to himself or someone else. |
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Define each of the following defense mechanisms: - Denial - Regression - Displacement - Sublimation
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Denial: Refusal to acknowledge what has or will happen. Regression: To play the role of someone younger than yourself. Displacement: Redirect unpleasantness toward some other, safe substitute target (venting) Sublimation: Healthy redirection of emotion into something socially acceptable. |
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Define each of the following defense mechanisms: - Projection - Rationalization - Intellectualization
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Projection: Attribute uncomfortable feelings onto others. Main mechanism for paranoid and anti-social personalities. Rationalization: Used to diminish pain or disappointment when you can't get what you want. Intellectualization: Removing the emotion from emotional experiences. |
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Define each of the following defense mechanisms: - Repression - Withdrawal - Reaction - Aggression |
Repression: Putting painful thoughts & memories out of our minds & forgetting. Withdrawal: Removing yourself from things that remind you of painful thoughts, feelings. Reaction: Reaction that is too threatening and painful to feel, we turn it into the opposite. Aggression: Aggression towards objects or people who cause you pain or frustration |
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Define each of the following defense mechanisms: - Scapegoating - Identification - Compensation - Fantasy |
Scapegoating: Blaming someone else for your problems. Identification: Identify yourself strongly with a famous person or institution, Compensation: Over development of a certain behavior. Fantasy: Creating an inner world when the real world is too painful, difficult, or stressful. |
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Define stress. |
A subjective feeling of mental strain or pressure. Varies from person to person over time. |
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Define phobia. |
A form of anxiety that involves an intense, irrational fear of certain objects or situations. |
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What symptoms do those who suffer from phobias have? |
- Trouble breathing - Dizziness - Sweaty - Fast heart rate - Anxious or tense
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What are the treatments for phobias? |
- Cognitive behavioral therapy: Exposed to what you fear in a systematic way, have to catch fears and rationalize. - Others include: drug therapy, hypnosis, hypnotherapy, etc. |
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How are phobias caused? |
Humans inherit the tendency to feel anxious or nervous but its out experiences that make us fear something. |
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Define hoarding. |
The acquisition of and inability to discard worthless items even though they appear (to others) to have no value. |
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What are some symptoms of hoarders? |
- Struggle with the decision to throw away items - Have strong urges to save items - Buy or acquire more than they would need - Procrastinate and avoid tasks - indecisive, perfectionist, disorganized |
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What are the causes of hoarding? |
- After suffering a loss of some kind - Vulnerable to depression and anxiety - Often have family history of hoarding - Problems with attention (ADHD) - Abnormal activity in the frontal lobe affecting attention span, memory and decisiveness. |
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What are the treatments for hoarding? |
- Cognitive behavior therapy - Antidepressants - If suffering from OCD related symptoms, they are given OCD medication - Needs professional team to come and get rid of mess |
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Define schizophrenia. |
Mean "split mind" - refers to the fragmenting of thought that affects perception as well as social and emotional processes. |
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What are the main 4 symptoms of schizophrenia. |
1) Irrational Thought 2) Deterioration of Adaptive Behavior 3) Distorted perception 4) Disturbed emotion |
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What are the four types of schizophrenia? |
1) Paranoid Type: Dominated by delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur. 2) Catatonic Type: Striking motor disturbances 3) Disorganized Type: Experience deterioration of adaptive behavior 4) Indifferent Type: Multiple mixtures of symptoms
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What are the five main causes of schizophrenia? |
1) Genetic vulnerability (nature) 2) Neurochemical (nature) 3) Structural abnormalities (nature) 4) Family communication (nurture) 5) Expressed emotion by those around the schizophrenic (nurture) |
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What treatment is given for schizophrenia? |
Anti-psychotic drugs (no talking therapy can be used) |
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Define obsessive compulsive disorder. |
Intrusive, persistent thoughts or impulses (obsessions) drive people with OCD to act out time consuming rituals or behaviors (compulsions). |
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What causes OCD? |
Seratonin which is a chemical that acts as a messenger. When seratonin levels are unbalances, messengers that go from one part of the brain to another part get messed up and cause repetitive thoughts. |
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Explain each of the 5 types of OCD. |
1) Hoarders: Collect items compulsively 2) Orderers: Keep belongings perfectly aligned 3) Counters: Concentrate on certain numbers or count everything 4) Checkers: Obsess over something they think they've done and recheck multiple times 5) Washers: Feel contaminated by germs and repeatedly cleanse themselves. |
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What are some treatments for OCD? |
1) Cognitive behavior therapy: exposed to source of fear 2) Drug therapy: To correct seratonin levels in brain
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Define dissociative identity disorder (DID). |
Involves the co-existance in one person of two or more largely complete and usually very different personalities that recurrently take control of the individuals behavior. |
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What are 5 possible symptoms? |
- Original personality has distinct & unique processes which are stable - Original personality has its own name, memories, traits, and physical mannerisms - May change from one personality to another at periods varying from minutes to years. - Original personality is often not aware of the alternative personalities - Display traits that are foreign to the original |
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What is believed to be the cause for DID? |
- Causes are uncertain - Some believe there is no such thing and they are acting/faking, but most believe some cases are authenic and seem to be rooted to severe emotional trauma during childhood. |
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Define manic depression (Bipolar Affective Disorder) |
Bipolar disorder is a treatable medical illness marked by extreme changes in mood, thought, energy and behavior. Between poles of "mania" (highs) and depression (lows). |
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What are 5 symptoms of depression? |
1) Preoccupation with failures or loss of self-esteem 2) Feelings of uselessness 3) Slowed thinking, forgetfulness, difficulty concentrating 4) Loss of interest and feelings 5) Sleep problems |
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What are 5 symptoms of mania? |
1) Elevated and expansive mood 2) Extreme irritability 3) Racing thoughts, flight of idea 4) Overreacting, misinterpreting events 5) Excessive energy |
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What are three treatments for BAD? |
- Medication - Psychotherapy - Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) |
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The [ ] processes information from the senses. |
The thalamus processes information from the senses. |
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The [ ] is linked to hormone secretion, pleasure drives (hunger,sex) as well as to addictions. |
The hypothalamus is linked to hormone secretion, pleasure drives (hunger,sex) as well as to addictions. |
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The [ ] regulates emotion....creates fear and arousal. |
The amygdala regulates emotion...creates fear and arousal. |
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The [ ] is in charge of memory functions. |
The hippocampus is in charge of memory functions. |
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The [ ] regulates heartbeat and breathing and the [ ] coordinates voluntary movement and balance. |
The medulla regulates heartbeat and breathing and the cerebellum coordinates voluntary movement and balance. |
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What was Karen Horney's theory? |
Her theory was neurosis. This is a relatively mild mental illness that is not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms of stress but not a radical loss of touch with reality. It is caused by parental indifference. Factors such as lack of warmth from parents (putting down ideas, blaming child, etc.) |
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What was B.F. Skinner's theory? |
The theory of operat conditioning. The organism or operator is in a natural state until it encounters a reinforcing stimulus. The behaviour is followed by a reward so the organism's tendency to repeat the behaviour again increases. An adversive stimulus is the opposite of a reinforcing stimulus; something we find unpleasant or painful. If behaviour is responded to with punishment, it reduces the probability of it being repeated. |
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What was Howard Gardiner's theory? |
Multiple Intelligence's: Humans consisted of 8 kinds of intelligence's and each had a different "cognitive profile." |
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What are the 5 types of dreams? |
1) Lucid dreams 2) Nightmares 3) Prophetic/precognitive dream 4) Recurring dream 5) Sleepwalking |
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What was Sigmund Freud's theory on dreams? |
- Every dream is a wish fulfillment. - Believed that behind every dream lied a sexual impulse that was driving the dream. |
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What was Alfred Adler's theory on dreams? |
- Theory that dreams were a tool of control over your waking life - Involves looking at the parts of the dream and analyzing what problems or inferiorities they might present. |
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Define sociology. What are 3 areas of study? |
The systematic study of social life, groups and societies. Three areas of study are: cults, gangs, institutions, etc. |
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What is the functionalism theory? What are their points of view (3) and focus of analysis? |
Functionalism (Macro level) 1) Various parts of society are interdependent 2) Social systems are highly stable 3) Social life governed by consensus and co-operation. Focus: Functional and dysfunctional aspects of society.
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What is the conflict theory? What are their three point of view and focus of analysis? |
Conflict Level (Macro level) 1) Society accommodates between competing interest groups. 2) Society unstable and prone to change. 3) Social life is conflict based. Focus: 1) Social inequalities produce conflict. 2) Who benefits from social arrangements. |
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Describe Asch's experiment and his conclusions. |
Ash's experiment was to find out if a person can be forced by a group to conform against his or her better judgment. In the experiment they were told to match a line to 3 lines on another card. Fake participants were told to give the wrong answer. The person was then asked for their answer. It was found that many-but not all - people when pressured by a group will conform to a decision that is against their better judgement. |
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Describe Milgram's experiment and his conclusions. |
Milgram's experiment was to see how far a person will go in causing pain to another person just because they are told to. In the experiment people were chosen to be "teachers" which were told to give electric shocks in "fake" learners when answers were wrong. Teacher continues to do so because psychologist tells them to. It was found that ordinary people had no particular desire to cause pain or suffering and would likely obey the direct orders of authorities. |
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Describe Bandura's experiment and the conclusions. |
Bandura's experiment was to see if social behaviors (aggression) can be acquired by observation and imitation. 24 children were shown a violent movie of men and women acting violently towards Bobo, 24 children were shown a non-aggressive film and 24 were not exposed to anything. After they watched the movie, they were brought into a room with toys and observed how they acted/played. It was found that children learn behavior like aggression from observation learning therefore showing the effects of media violence on children. |
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What is a social structure? |
The pattern of social relationships that exist within a particular group or society; social structures provide the framework within which people can interact with others. |
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What is a social institutions? |
The broad organizations with society that help society carry out important functions to help meet the needs of the population. |
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What are the 5 basic types of institutions? |
1) Families: Provide protection and socialize the young 2) Economic Institutions: Helps society meet their physical needs 3) Political Institutions: Assist in decision making and empower individuals. 4) Educational Institutions: Organize the way society passes on it's culture, knowledge and values. 5) Religious Institutions: Helps people find an ultimate purpose in life and aid in developing a spiritual side of society. Provides behavior guidelines. |
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Explain the functionalist's view on education. |
Believes the functions it performs are for the good of society. Believes in the five main functions: 1) Socializing - Social relationships, social skills and friendships 2) Instilling Values - Values such as equality, honesty & achievement. 3) Babysitting - Parents can pursue careers & goals. 4) Transmitting Knowledge - Passing new ideas, developments and discoveries from one generation to the next. 5) Job Training - Produces an adequate supply of trained labor force |
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Explain the conflict theorists view on education. |
Believes there is a struggle for power between different economic groups in society. Education is a tool used by those with power to get the young people ready to follow orders and be controlled and dominated when they become adults. (the hidden curriculum) 1) Conformity - To change attitudes and beliefs in order to match those of others. (conform to expectations of the school) 2) Discipline: Force students into submissive roles to obey commands of authority. |
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What are the three styles of learning? |
Visual: Ability to process and retain information by observing the world around you. Auditory: Ability to process and retain information through listening. Kinesthetic: Ability to process and retain information through movement and touch. |
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What are the four characteristics of a social group? |
1) They interact regularly and influence each other. 2) They believe they have something in common - a shared identity. 3) They have an informal or formal social structure with leaders and followers. 4) They have a group consensus on certain values, behaviors and goals.
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Define the term aggregate. |
People who interact only briefly, if at all, and have little influence on one another. |
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What is a primary group? |
A small, emotionally close, interdependent group whose members see one another often, know one another well, and value each member as a whole person. |
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What is a secondary group? |
A more impersonal and formal type of group compared to primary groups. |
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Define conformity. |
To change one's behavior or attitudes to follow the beliefs, rules, or guidelines of other people in the group. |
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Define roles. |
The behavior that's expected of an individual within a social institution. |
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What is a sanction? |
A formal or informal penalty or reward given to ensure conformity to norms. |
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What are the four main types of aggression? |
1) Peer Aggression: Physical, verbal and relational aggression. 2) Relational Aggression: Behavior is intended to harm someone by damaging or manipulating his/her relationship with others. 3) Physical Aggression: Harm through damage or threat of damage to another's physical well being. 4) Verbal Aggression: Obvious and hidden verbal acts of aggression (putdowns and name calling) |
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What is a gang? |
A gang is an ongoing organization, association or group of three or more people that has as one of its primary activities the commission of one or more particular criminal offenses, with a common name, identifying symbols and signs, whose members individually or collectively engage in a pattern of criminal activity or provide support for members who do commit crimes. |
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According to William Glasser's Control Theory, what are the five reasons causing youth to join gangs? |
1) Love (belonging, family, community support) 2) Power (respect, recognition, control) 3) Safety ( security and protection) 4) Freedom (choices and independence) 5) Fun (excitement, parties, sex) |
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What are the five characteristics of cults? |
1) One leader who claims to have all the answers to life. Beliefs cannot be questioned by group members. 2) Claims its members will be saved and given higher understanding. 3) Friendship and "family love" of group replaces other relationships and members are isolated from old friends and family. 4) Members are psychologically manipulated or deceived using mind control and frauds. 5) Members are taken advantage of financially and may be abused. |
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What is meant by the term "brain washing" |
To subtly be recruited by members and gradually accepting the total belief system of a cult in this case without being aware of the steps that led to the conversion. |
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What are the 7 brainwashing methods used by cults to attract new members? |
1) Love bombing 2) Exploitation of personal weakness or hopes 3) Group pressure 4) Critical questions are discouraged 5) Isolation and no privacy 6) Food and sleep deprivation 7) Guilt, public confession and group approval |
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Describe what is meant by deprogramming. |
To break the cult mind control by pointing out inconsistencies in what the cult does and says as well as focusing on the love of their real family. |
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Who was Jim Jones? Describe his cult. - How members will be saved, get special knowledge - How they provide love, friendship, love bombing - Examples of mind control, brainwashing - Examples of physicial, mental or financial abuse |
Cult name: The Peoples Temple Saved, Knowledge: Will get to live in "promise land" , USA will suffer nuclear war, Members go to another planet after death Love, Friendship: Free groceries, clothing and food, Accepted all races gave them hope and warm welcomes (concerts) Mind Control: Exploitation of weakness and hope, isolation, guilt and public confession, fake healings, convinced he was God, suicide drills Abuse: Sexual misconduct, beating to discipline, threats and blackmail |
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Who was Charles Manson? Describe his cult. - How members will be saved, get special knowledge - How they provide love, friendship, love bombing - Examples of mind control, brainwashing - Examples of physical, mental or financial abuse |
Cult name: The Family Saved, Knowledge: Race war will start in USA where blacks win, but cult members hide and emerge to rule the world Love, Friendship: Women used as prostitutes to lure men, lived together as "close-knit" group on ranch, hugging and no judgement Mind Control: Used powerful drugs to program minds, isolated living conditions on ranch, strict rules about music, etc. Abuse: Drug abuse, forced to kill, terror to control, beat women |
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Define deviance. |
Conduct that violates acceptable standards of behavior valued by a group or society. |
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What is behavioral deviance. |
Behavior that is thought by the community to be harmful to society, and therefore too costly to permit. It is any behavior that goes against the accepted ways or norms of the group. |
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What is the difference between primary and secondary deviance? |
Primary: Deviance that occurs in the spur of the moment. Secondary: Deviance that is the result of reactions to primary deviance. The reactions compel the individual to repeat bad behavior. |
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What is it meant by "self-fulfilling prophecy"? |
The process by which an individual is labeled deviant by others and lives up to this label. Usually because no other legitimate options are open for him or her. |
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Define alienation. |
The feelings of confusion, restlessness and being "lost", in which the known rules and goals of society no longer seem appropriate, useful or adequate. |
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How can a limited amount of deviance be good for society? |
It acts to prevent more from occurring. It helps society change and improve. Without people to challenge existing patterns of behavior, we would have a changeless society. |
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What are the causes of deviant behavior? |
Biological Theories: Genetically inherited Psychological Theories: Caused by early experiences. The child has learned and been rewarded for deviant behavior. Sociological Theories: - Cultural Transmission: Learn from people they associate with - Conflict Theories: Result of a group fighting for political or social power. Person sees little opportunity to achieve goals set by society. - Labeling: Influence how others view person and also the way individuals view themselves. |
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What are some types of deviance that Evan showed? |
- Stealing money from parents - Cannot cooperate with children at school; head-locked another child - Starting fire on vacation (burning tree) - Shoplifting - Smoking at at school - Matches in heat register - Putting paint in teachers coffee cup |
